The origin of discrete symmetries in F-theory models

The origin of discrete symmetries in F-theory models

George K. Leontaris Theoretical Physics Division, Ioannina University, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece leonta@uoi.gr
Abstract

While non-abelian groups are undoubtedly the cornerstone of Grand Unified Theories (GUTs), phenomenology shows that the role of abelian and discrete symmetries is equally important in model building. The latter are the appropriate tool to suppress undesired proton decay operators and various flavour violating interactions, to generate a hierarchical fermion mass spectrum, etc. In F-theory, GUT symmetries are linked to the singularities of the elliptically fibred K3 manifolds; they are of ADE type and have been extensively discussed in recent literature. In this context, abelian and discrete symmetries usually arise either as a subgroup of the non-abelian symmetry or from a non-trivial Mordell-Weil group associated to rational sections of the elliptic fibration. In this note we give a short overview of the current status and focus in models with rank-one Mordell-Weil group.

1 Introduction

Discrete symmetries play a vital role in model building [1, 2, 3, 4]. Over the past few decades they have been widely used to restrict the superpotential and suppress the exotic interactions of numerous proposed effective theories. In the Standard Model, as well as in old GUTs, abelian factors and discrete symmetries of type where imposed to forbid dangerous Lepton and Baryon number violating operators. In more recent scenarios, non-abelian discrete groups where introduced to interpret the mixing properties of the neutrino sector [5, 6, 7]. In the field theory context, these symmetries were postulated purely on phenomenological grounds. However, it is not clear whether such global (including discrete) symmetries can exist [8]. In this respect, it would be interesting to investigate whether such symmetries can be justified in the context of string theory. Recently, considerable work in this direction has been devoted [9]-[15]. A fascinating possibility in particular arises in F-theory constructions where symmetries are tightly connected to the elliptically fibred internal space. This compact space is a four-dimensional complex manifold (a fourfold) while the gauge symmetries are linked to its singularities. Hence, we may consider that all symmetries, including the discrete part, are associated to the geometric properties of the fourfold. In the present talk I will discuss the origin of discrete symmetries in F-models. I will start with a short description of the basic features of F-model building focusing in particular to the properties related to the elliptic curves.

2 Elliptic Curves

F-theory [16] is an exciting reformulation of String Theory in a 12-dimensional space which consists of the 4 space-time dimensions and an 8-dimensional internal elliptically fibred compact space. Because of its relation to the theory of elliptic curves and in particular their complex representations, effective F-theory models are endowed with many interesting properties. In the present talk I will mainly focus on some features of the abelian and discrete symmetries that emerge from the rational sections of the elliptic curves.

Many of the properties that will be discussed are related to rational points on curves. A point is said to be rational if its coordinates are rational, while a rational curve is defined by an equation with rational coefficients. It is trivial to find the rational points on lines and conics. Consider for example the equation of the unit circle . Choosing a rational point on it, -let it be - we can draw a line which intersects the circle at . We can map this pair on the line identified with the vertical axis by the transformation

 x=1−t21+t2,y=2t1+t2,

This way, all rational points on the curve can be determined in terms of the rational values of the parameter . Because of this correspondence between the rational points, we say that the curve (in this case the conic) is birationally equivalent to the line. A rational curve is also called a curve of genus zero. Every genus zero curve is birationally equivalent either to a conic or to a line.

We proceed now to the elliptic curves which are described by a cubic equation whose most general form can be written as

 C:3∑n=0n∑m=0am,nxnyn−m=0 (1)

The identification of the rational points on a given elliptic curve of general type is much more complicated compared to the conic. We know however, that the rational points of exhibit a group structure. According to Mordell’s theorem,
If a non-singular elliptic curve has a rational point then the group of rational points can be finitely generated.
In other words, there is a finite number of elements generating the whole group. The group structure is depicted here in figure 2 which can be defined as follows: Let two rational points on . Drawing the line joining these two points, we can find another one at the third intersection of the line with the curve . I designate this point with . Suppose now we are given a rational point on that we can identify this to be the zero element of the group. The line from to intersects on another point which, as can be proved 111See for example standard textbooks such as [17, 18, 19]., under the group law is the point . To find the opposite element with respect to the addition law of the group, we draw a tangent to the zeroth element which intersects at some point called here . One can prove that the opposite to is identified with the third intersection of the -line and curve , so that .

The general form (1) of the elliptic equation is rather too complicated. Fortunately it can be shown that any cubic equation with a rational point on it can be brought to the Weierstraß  form

 y2=x3+fx+g (2)

We can readily check that the Weierstraß  form is symmetric with respect to the -axis. Moreover, the zeroth element of the group can be taken to infinity while the sum of two points is just the reflection (w.r.t. -axis) of the third intersection point of the line PQ with . There are two important quantities characterising the elliptic curves. These are:
The discriminant

 Δ = 4f3+27g2 (3)

which classifies the singularities on the matter curve. In particular, when curves are non-singular and may have one or three real roots. When curves are singular. Singularities are of nodal or cuspidal type.
The j-invariant (modular invariant) function

 j(τ)=4(24f)34f3+27g2=4(24f)3Δ (4)

which takes the same value for equivalent elliptic curves characterised by the transformations .

What happens when we consider complex coefficients (functions) ? In this case, it can proved that a complex elliptic curve is a genus 1 closed surface with a marked point on it corresponding to its neutral element (point to infinity). Defining a modulus as usually, the torus, hence , is equivalent to the lattice . With respect to the previous analysis of elliptic curves, we distinguish two cases: The complex analogue of a real elliptic curve with non-singular points is a torus without singularities. On the contrary, if the real elliptic curve has singular points then its complex equivalent is a torus with a pinched radius.

3 F-theory and Elliptic Fibration

In this section, a few basic features of F-theory [16] are described which are useful to the subsequent analysis. The shortest (however incomplete) definition of F-theory is that it is the geometrisation of the type II-B superstring. The type IIB string is distinguished by its closed string spectrum (which differs, say, from II-A case). It is obtained by combining L- and R- moving open strings with the truncated two types of boundary conditions, namely the Neveu-Schwarz (antiperiodic) and Ramond (periodic) boundary conditions.

In the bosonic spectrum there are two scalars, the dilaton field and a zero-form potential (axion) . One then can define a modulus, the axion-dilaton complex structure

 τ=C0+ie−ϕ (5)

and write down an invariant action of the ten-dimensional theory which leads to the correct equations of motion. The terms of the action seem as if they are obtained from a twelve dimensional theory compactified along the two radii of the torus (for a review see [20]). We can think of as the modulus of a torus attached to each point of the internal manifold of three complex dimensions (threefold), as depicted in figure 3. We end up with a fibred fourfold.

Recalling the analysis of the first section, one is tempted to consider the interesting possibility of describing this fibration by the Weierstraß  model given in equation (2). In particular, we write it in the form

 y2=x3+fxz4+gz6 (6)

where are homogeneous complex coordinates. As explained previously, for complex, equation (2) describes a torus whose modulus is now identified with that of (5). On the other hand, in order to satisfy the Calabi-Yau (CY) conditions, we also require the two functions to be and degree polynomials of the complex variable . As we move from point to point in the internal manifold, the modulus varies. In particular, on moving along non-trivial closed cycles, undergoes non-trivial transformations 222The modular invariant function is given by . Combined with (4) one can elaborate [21] a relation approximated with in the vicinity of the zeros of .. In figure 3 for any generic point we draw a normal torus, while pinched torii are drawn at points of singularities; the latter appear when two D7-branes intersect at a ‘point’ of the manifold. These correspond to singularities of elliptic surfaces and were classified in terms of the vanishing orders of the discriminant and the polynomials several decades ago by Kodaira [22]. For minimal elliptic surfaces eight types of singular fiber were identified, (nodal, cuspidal or otherwise reducible). The singularities are related to simply-laced Dynkin diagrams of ADE type. These extremely interesting results can be found in several recent papers and reviews [22, 23, 24], thus, they will not be presented in this short note. Instead, we will shortly give an analogous algorithm in another representation which will be useful in our subsequent analysis.

The nature of the singularities of the internal space motivated the idea that they can be identified with the gauge symmetries of the effective field theory model. If this is true, then one can attribute all the properties of the internal manifold to the massless spectrum and the effective potential describing their interactions. This scenario has many advantages, including calculability of Yukawa couplings [25]-[33] of the effective theory from a handful of geometric characteristics of the internal space.

A convenient description which emphasizes the local properties of these singularities is given in terms of Tate’s algorithm [34]. In this context, the equation describing the elliptically fibred space takes the form

 y2+α1xyz+α3yz3=x3+α2x2z2+α4xz4+α6z6 (7)

The variables have weights correspondingly, defining a hypersurface in the weighted projective space.

In analogy with Kodaira’s classification of singularities, here also the gauge group is determined in terms of the vanishing orders of the polynomials and the discriminant . The results are summarised in Table 1. We note that the Weierstraß  equation can be obtained from Tate’s form by recovering the functions from the coefficients . To this end, it is convenient to define the following quantities

 β2=α21+4α2;β4=α1α3+2α4;β6=α23+4α6;β8=14(β2β6−β24). (8)

Then, it can be readily checked that the functions and the discriminant are

 f = 148(24β4−β22) (9) g = 1864(β32−36β4β2+216β6) (10) Δ = −8β34+9β2β6β4−27β26−β22β8 (11)

After these preliminary notes, in the next section we proceed to the description of the basic tools for local model building.

3.1 GUT models with discrete symmetries

The attractive scenario of linking gauge symmetries to the singularities of the internal geometry leads to far reaching implications. An interesting advantage of F-theory constructions based on the elliptic fibration, is the appearance of the exceptional symmetry where the gauge group of the effective theory is embedded[35, 36, 37, 38, 39]333For reviews, see [40, 41, 42, 43]. However, phenomenological investigations have shown that additional symmetries (discrete or continuous) are required to render the theory viable. Interestingly, a useful class of such symmetries originates from the commutant of this GUT with respect to the exceptional gauge symmetry .

To show how these symmetries appear we describe the and gauge groups in brief. In the local picture, Tate’s coefficients have a general expansion of the form

 αk=αk0+αk1w+αk2w2+… (12)

If a certain coefficient has vanishing order , it is convenient to write

 αk=αk,nwn,withαk,n=αkn+αk(n+1)w+⋯ (13)

Hence, for an type of singularity, the coefficients take the form

 α1=α1,1w,α2=α2,2w2,α3=α3,2w2,α4=α4,3w3,α6=α6,5w5

With this choice, the discriminant is factorised as follows

 Δ=Δ0w8 (14)

with

 Δ0=−27α43,2+A(αkj)w+O(w2) (15)

where

 A(αkj)=(α1,1α3,2+2α4,3)((α21,1+36α2,2)α23,2−32α4,3(α1,1α3,2+α4,3))−216α23,2α6,5

Indeed, has a vanishing order of degree, in accordance with Table 1. From (14) we observe that the discriminant locus consists of two divisors, (at of multiplicity eight) and (at of multiplicity one). There are eight branes wrapping the divisor and one brane wrapping which is assumed to be irreducible.

The representations of the effective theory model, reside at the intersections of the divisor with D7 branes spanning different dimensions of the internal space. These intersections (often called matter curves) are in fact Riemann surfaces along which symmetry is enhanced. In the elliptic fibration the highest allowed singularity is . Then, a convenient way to see the effective model is through the decomposition

 E8→E6×SU(3)

where is the desired GUT, while the enhancements along the matter curves include factors embedded in . We can also think of broken by fluxes (or some other mechanism) to a subgroup of it. The possibilities are either the continuous symmetries , or a discrete group such as the (permutation of three objects), or . Hence all representations transform non-trivially under the latter. Viable cases have a final symmetry such as [38, 47, 48, 49]:

 E6×U(1)2,E6×S3,E6×Z2

As a second example we consider that the GUT gauge symmetry is associated to a divisor characterised by an singularity444F- models have been extensively discussed in the literature [36, 37, 38, 39, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48], while the commutant is also -usually denoted with . It’s a simple exercise to repeat the above analysis for the case too. Instead, let us focus on another issue. A phenomenologically friendly description of these symmetries is based on the idea of the spectral cover. In this case the implications of are described by a spectral cover denoted by and represented by the five degree polynomial of an affine coordinate ,

 C5:5∑k=0bks5−k=b0s5+b1s4+b2s3+b3s2+b4s+b5=0 (16)

The coefficients fulfill the conditions for the singularity ( for )

 b0=α6,5,b2=α4,3,b3=α3,2,b4=α2,1,b4=α1,0

Equation (16) includes the basic information regarding geometric properties as well as additional symmetries of the F-GUT. Depending on the specific topological structure of the internal space, the spectral cover may factorise in various ways. A few interesting cases are

 C4×C1,C3×C2,C2×C2×C1

implying analogous factorisations of the polynomial (16). For the GUT, there is a rich variety of possible accompanying discrete symmetries, including [44, 50, 14]

 SU(5)×A4×U(1),SU(5)×Z3×Z2,SU(5)×Z2×Z2×U(1)

4 Mordell-Weil U(1)’s and discrete symmetries

In the previous section we presented the classification of the non-abelian singularities of the elliptic fiber, subject to restrictions arising from Kodaira classification. Adopting the interpretation that these correspond to non-abelian gauge symmetries, we were able to determine the GUT gauge group of the potential F-theory models. There is considerable activity [52]-[73] on the role of the abelian sector related to the rational sections of the elliptic curves. Subsequently, we focus in some related issues.

In the introductory section we have seen that there is a class of abelian symmetries, associated to rational sections of the elliptic curves. Since the internal space is elliptically fibred, these ’s may manifest themselves in potential low energy effective models. From analyses of phenomenological models, we know that such symmetries are extremely useful in order to prevent unwanted terms in the lagrangian. It seems that such abelian symmetries are indispensable when constructing an F-theory effective model, however, a Kodaira-type classification is lacking up to now. From the Mordell-Weil theorem we only know that these are related to the rational sections defined on elliptic curves but the rank of this group is not known. The Mordell-Weil group can be written as

 E(K)=Z⊕Z⊕⋯⊕Zn⊕G≡Zn⊕G

Here is the rank of the Abelian group, while is the torsion subgroup and is the number field. According to a theorem by Mazur [53] (see also [54]), the possible torsion subgroups are either or the direct sum with .

 G={Znn=1,2,…,10,12Z2k⊕Z2k=1,2,3,4 (17)

A specific choice of the coefficients in an elliptic curve equation eventually will fix the symmetries of the effective GUT model. For a simple demonstration on the appearance of such symmetries, let us see how a discrete symmetry can arise [74]. Under a action, a point on an elliptic curve is identified with its opposite, . From the group law, (see figure 2) , hence , where for the Weierstraß  form the zero element is taken to infinity. This implies that line must be tangent to . If we put at the origin, (0,0) then . For example, the elliptic curve has a symmetry at the origin (0,0).

4.1 On GUT Models with Mordell-Weil U(1) ’s

In the geometric picture of F-theory discussed previously, the elliptic fibration assumed over a base can be defined as a holomorphic section of the fourfold. In the following, the possibility of having a fibration of an elliptic curve with two rational sections, including the zero (universal) section will be examined. This leads to a rank-one Mordell-Weil group, or a theory with one symmetry in addition to the non-abelian GUT group. From the phenomenological point of view this is one of the most viable possibilities. GUT models with an additional abelian factor and perhaps a discrete symmetry arising from the torsion part (17), are probably adequate to impose sufficient constraints on superpotential terms.

However, in general, it is not easy to identify the symmetries by starting directly form the Weierstraß  form. Instead, it is more feasible to start with a different representation of the elliptic curve where the Mordell-Weil rank and other characteristics are more transparent. Once we have identified the abelian structure, in order to study the non-abelian group we convert our equation to the ordinary Weierstraß  form using the appropriate birational transformation.

To derive the equation of such a hypersurface, following the analysis of [52], we start with a point associated to the holomorphic (zero) section and a rational point on an elliptic curve. We introduce the degree-two line bundle and denote and its two independent sections with weights generating the group . The space should have four independent sections. Given and we are able generate only three, namely, and . Thus we need to introduce a new one, let with weight , so we are in a projective space of three sections with weights respectively. From we can form six sections of degree 6 (namely and ) which match exactly the number of independent sections of . But generate nine sections for exceeding the independent ones by one. Hence there has to be a constraint among them which defines a hyper-surface in the weighted projective space given by the equation of the form

 t2+a0u2t+a1uvt+a2v2t=b0u4+b1u3v+b2u2v2+b3uv3+b4v4 (18)

where are coefficients in the specific field we are interested in. The projective space can be regarded as a toric variety [75]-[78] shown in the left side of figure 4. Furthermore, we can identify three divisors. For the divisor , for the divisor , and for , the divisor . These are indicated on the right side of the same figure. Without loss of generality [52] in order to avoid complications with square roots etc, we can simplify this equation to:

 t2+a2v2t=u(b0u3+b1u2v+b2uv2+b3v3) (19)

Having constructed the elliptic curve equation with one Mordell-Weil , we would like now to transform this equation to the familiar model. In fact this is inevitable; in order to identify the non-abelian part of the gauge symmetry, we need to read off the singularity structure from the coefficients in the Weierstraß  form. It can be proved that the conversion can occur by two sets of equations [68] relating the sections of the model to those of . Both transformations lead to equivalent results. The simplest one is [68]:

 v = a2yb23u2−a22(b2u2+x) (20) t = b3uyb23u2−a22(b2u2+x)−xa2 (21) u = z (22)

We substitute the above to model and we recover the Tate’s form

 y2+2b3a2xyz±b1a2yz3 = x3±(b2−b23a22)x2z2 −b0a22xz4−b0a22(b2−b23a22)z6

This is indeed in the desired form however not all of the Tate’s coefficients are independent. Comparing with the standard Tate’s form given in (7) we observe that

 α6=α2α4 (23)

As we shall see in the following, this relation inevitably implies constraints on the non-abelian singularities. We restrict here the analysis in the Tate’s form of the Weierstraß  equation since it is this form that we automatically obtain from the birational map. Hence, we assume the local expansion of the Tate’s coefficients which as a function of the “normal” coordinate they are given by (12) and (13).

To see the implications of the relation , we need to substitute in it the specific types of coefficients for each non-abelian group shown in Table 1.

We start the investigation with the singularities. According to Table 1 we must treat separately even and odd cases.

1. case. The vanishing orders of ’s for groups are

 α2=α2,1w,α4=α4,mwm,α6=α6,2mw2m

Substitution into (23) gives

 α2,1α4,mwm+1=α6,2mw2m

which is satisfied only for , implying that only is compatible.

2. case. Reading off the minimal powers of ’s from Table 1, we get

 α2,1α4,mwm+2=α6,2mw2m+1

This is also valid for , hence only is admissible.

Extending this analysis to the rest of the entries in Tate’s table, one finds that the most interesting cases arise for the exceptional groups. We observe that under the particular birational map to Tate’s form the only non-trivial admissible non-abelian singularities are and .

5 Conclusions

In this talk, we have described a variety of discrete symmetries in F-theory models emerging in various ways. Current F-theory constructions are based on the elliptically fibred internal space with being the highest admissible singularity. The non-abelian part of the gauge symmetry of a particular effective GUT model emerges as a subgroup of the . However, in low energy effective models additional discrete or continuous symmetries are required to suppress flavour changing processes and prevent fast proton decay. To this end, two methods have been developed in the recent literature:

A class of early F-theory effective models are fully embedded in . As a consequence, the GUT symmetry is a subgroup of while the commutant incorporates any additional symmetry of discrete or continuous nature which could be used to put constraints on the effective lagrangian.

In recent works, abelian and discrete symmetries emerge from the a non-trivial Mordell-Weil group, i.e. the group of rational points of the elliptic curves associated to the fibration. In this approach, one constructs a representation of the elliptic curve with the desired rational sections and then finds the birationally equivalent Weierstraß  equation.

In the presence of one Mordell-Weil factor in particular, we have shown that the birational transformations to Tate’s form gives two viable gauge symmetries which are

 E6×U(1)MWandE7×U(1)MW

Although such a scenario looks rather restrictive, yet these exceptional groups contain all the well known GUTs, such as , and the like, which can be readily obtained once we break the initial symmetry by a suitable mechanism, such as flux breaking, Wilson lines mechanism etc. Furthermore, as long as the rank-one Mordell-Weil is concerned, a novel generalisation of models in the context of elliptic fibrations has been proposed recently [73]. Finally, it should be pointed out that discrete symmetries appear naturally in F-theory compactifications without section and examples with GUT symmetry have been presented in [70]-[72].

We close our discussion with a few observations. The rather interesting fact in the procedure discussed in the last section, is that the symmetry is not necessarily identified with some generator of the Cartan subalgebra of . This means that the charges of the non-abelian representations are not necessarily the usual ones. Furthermore, the torsion group has a rich structure of discrete symmetries which can also be symmetries of the effective lagrangian. Perhaps issues such as proton stability, the -term and flavour physics find their solutions in a judicious choice of these symmetries.

\ack

This research has been co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund - ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program “Education and Lifelong Learning” of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) - Research Funding Program: “ARISTEIA”. Investing in the society of knowledge through the European Social Fund.

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