Structural evolution in Pt isotopes with the Interacting Boson Model Hamiltonian derived from the Gogny Energy Density Functional

# Structural evolution in Pt isotopes with the Interacting Boson Model Hamiltonian derived from the Gogny Energy Density Functional

## Abstract

Spectroscopic calculations are carried out, for the description of the shape/phase transition in Pt nuclei in terms of the Interacting Boson Model (IBM) Hamiltonian derived from (constrained) Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) calculations with the finite range and density dependent Gogny-D1S Energy Density Functional. Assuming that the many-nucleon driven dynamics of nuclear surface deformation can be simulated by effective bosonic degrees of freedom, the Gogny-D1S potential energy surface (PES) with quadrupole degrees of freedom is mapped onto the corresponding PES of the IBM. Using this mapping procedure, the parameters of the IBM Hamiltonian, relevant to the low-lying quadrupole collective states, are derived as functions of the number of valence nucleons. Merits of both Gogny-HFB and IBM approaches are utilized so that the spectra and the wave functions in the laboratory system are calculated precisely. The experimental low-lying spectra of both ground-state and side-band levels are well reproduced. From the systematics of the calculated spectra and the reduced E2 transition probabilities (E2), the prolate-to-oblate shape/phase transition is shown to take place quite smoothly as a function of neutron number in the considered Pt isotopic chain, for which the -softness plays an essential role. All these spectroscopic observables behave consistently with the relevant PESs and the derived parameters of the IBM Hamiltonian as functions of . Spectroscopic predictions are also made for those nuclei which do not have enough experimental E2 data.

###### pacs:
21.10.Re,21.60.Ev,21.60.Fw,21.60.Jz

## I Introduction

The quadrupole collective motion has always attracted considerable attention in nuclear physics BM (); Collective (); RS (). Nevertheless, a fully microscopic understanding of the evolution of the nuclear shapes with the number of nucleons still remains a major challenge review (); Bender_review (); Heenen-nature (); Werner (); Robledo-1 (); Robledo-2 (); Rayner-1 (); rayner-PRL (); Naza-def (); Mottelson (). From the experimental point of view, low-lying spectroscopy is one of the most powerful sources of information about structural evolution and/or shape transitions in atomic nuclei since it allows to establish signatures correlating the excitation energies with deformation properties Julin (); draco (); davidson (); wu96 (); podolyak (); pfun (); caamano (). In particular, the complex interplay between several deformation degrees of freedom, taking place in different regions of the nuclear chart, offers the possibility of testing microscopic descriptions of atomic nuclei under a wide variety of conditions. In this context, mean-field approximations based on effective Energy Density Functionals (EDFs), which are a cornerstone to almost all microscopic approximations to the nuclear many-body problem RS (), appear to be a first tool to rely on when looking for fingerprints of nuclear shape/phase transitions.

On its own, the Interacting Boson Model (IBM) AI () has been quite successful in reproducing the experimental spectra and electromagnetic transitions for low-lying quadrupole collective states. The virtue of the IBM is, with its simplicity, its robust capability of calculating the spectroscopic observables precisely, while the parameters of the IBM Hamiltonian have been determined phenomenologically. Therefore, the IBM itself has a certain microscopic foundation, where the collective () and () pairs of valence nucleons are approximated by () and () bosons, respectively OAI (). The proton and neutron degrees of freedom can be taken into account, where the so-called proton (neutron) and ( and ) bosons correspond to the collective pairs of valence protons (neutrons) and ( and ) OAI (); OCas (). This is closer to a microscopic picture compared to a simpler version of IBM and is known as the proton-neutron Interacting Boson Model (IBM-2). As the number of valence protons (neutrons) is constant for a given nucleus, the number of proton (neutron) bosons, denoted by (), is set equal to half of the valence proton (neutron) numbers. The derivation of the IBM Hamiltonian has been studied extensively in realistic cases for nearly spherical or -unstable shapes MO (); Deleze (); seniority (); GRS82 () using generalized seniority states of the shell model OAI (); OCas (), as well as for deformed nuclei OPLB138 (); OY (), but still remains to be done for general cases in a unified manner. Therefore, it is timely and necessary to bridge the IBM and mean-field models with the help of fermion-to-boson mapping procedures. The key question here is to investigate to which extent the underlying fermionic dynamics of mean-field models can be translated into effective bosonic degrees of freedom. Such an approach would enable one to take advantage of the universality of microscopic nuclear EDFs Go (); gogny-other (); Bender_review (); Sk (); VB (); Vetrenar-1 () and the simplicity of the IBM AI (). By the combination of both models, one would be able to access the spectroscopic observables which have the good quantum numbers in the laboratory system, including those for experimentally unexplored nuclei.

A novel way of deriving the parameters of the IBM Hamiltonian has been recently proposed by two of us nso (). The IBM Hamiltonian has been constructed by mapping the mean-field potential energy surface (PES), obtained in the framework of (constrained) Skyrme Hartree-Fock plus BCS calculations ev8-code (), onto the corresponding PES of the IBM. The parameters of the IBM Hamiltonian, relevant to the description of the considered quadrupole collective states, have been shown to be determined uniquely as function of the number of valence nucleons by using the Wavelet analysis nsofull (). Calculations along these lines have been performed to study the shape/phase transition in Sm isotopes with neutron number , as well as for Ba, Xe, Ru and Pd isotopes with . Spectroscopic predictions have also been made for W and Os nuclei with 126 in the lower-right quadrant of Pb nso (); nsofull (). In addition, it has to be mentioned that the quantum mechanical correlation effect on the binding energies can be included in such calculations by diagonalizing the mapped IBM Hamiltonian nsofull (). Note that, in this framework, the IBM keeps its important properties including the boson number counting rule as well as the algebraic features.

In this paper we present, spectroscopic calculations for the Pt isotopic chain (i.e., for the even-even isotopes Pt) in terms of an IBM Hamiltonian determined microscopically by mapping the PES obtained in the framework of the (constrained) Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) approximation Robledo-2 (); rayner-PRL (); gradient-2 () based on the parametrization D1S D1S () of the Gogny-EDF Go (); gogny-other (). Quite recently, the structural evolution in Pt isotopes, including the role of triaxility (i.e., the degree of freedom), has been studied by three of us RaynerPt (). In addition to the (standard) Gogny-D1S EDF, the new incarnations D1N D1N () and D1M D1M () of the Gogny-EDF have also been included in the mean-field analysis of Ref. RaynerPt (). The considered range of neutron numbers included prolate, triaxial, oblate and spherical shapes and served for a detailed comparison of the (mean-field) predictions of the new parameter sets D1N and D1M against the standard parametrization D1S. It has been shown that, regardless of the particular version of the Gogny-EDF employed, the prolate-to-oblate shape/phase transition occurs quite smoothly with the -softness playing an important role. It is therefore very interesting to study how the systematics of the HFB PESs discussed in Ref. RaynerPt () is reflected in the isotopic evolution of the corresponding low-lying quadrupole collective states and how accurately such states can be reproduced by a mapped IBM Hamiltonian nso (); nsofull (). Let us stress that our main goal in the present work is to study the performance of a fermion-to-boson mapping procedure nso (); nsofull () based on the Gogny-EDF. For this reason, as a first step, we will restrict ourselves to a mapping in terms of the parametrization Gogny-D1S already considered as global and able to describe reasonably well low-energy experimental data all over the nuclear chart (see, for example, Refs. gradient-2 (); CollGo () and references therein).

From the theoretical perspective, the Pt and neighboring isotopic chains have been extensively studied in terms of both IBM and mean-field-based approaches. There is much experimental evidence Pt196O6 (); CastenCizewski () revealing existences of -unstable O(6) nuclei in Pt isotopes. The IBM-2 has been used in a phenomenological way for the spectroscopy of Pt, Os and W isotopes DB_W (); BijkerOs (). The prolate-to-oblate transition in Pt as well as in Os and W nuclei, has been observed in the recent experiment 198Os (), where a relatively moderate oblate-to-prolate shape/phase transition occurs in Pt as compared to Os and W nuclei. Spectroscopic calculations have been carried out for Pt isotopes in the framework of the five-dimensional collective Hamiltonian, derived from the pairing-plus-quadrupole model KummerBarangerPt (). Evidence for vibrations and shape evolution in Hg has been considered in Ref. Hg-Dela (), where a five-dimensional collective Hamiltonian was built with the help of constrained Gogny-D1S HFB calculations. On the other hand, systematic mean-field studies of the evolution of the ground state shapes in Pt and the neighboring Yb, Hf, W and Os nuclei have been carried out with non-relativistic Skyrme Robledo-2 () and Gogny gradient-2 (); RaynerPt () EDFs, as well as within the framework of the relativistic mean-field (RMF) approximation RMFPt (). One should also keep in mind, that Pt, Pb and Hg nuclei belong to a region of the nuclear chart, around the proton shell closure , characterized by a pronounced competition between low-lying configurations corresponding to different intrinsic deformations Andre () and therefore, a detailed description of the very rich structural evolution in these nuclei requires the inclusion of correlations beyond the static mean-field picture DuguetGCMPb (); BenderGCMPb (); RaynerGCMPb () accounting for both symmetry restoration and configuration mixing. The role of configuration mixing in this region has also been considered in phenomenological IBM studies CMIBM (); IBMCMECQF ().

The paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II, we will briefly describe the theoretical tools used in the present study. Illustrative examples of IBM PESs, obtained by mapping the corresponding Gogny-HFB PESs, are presented in Sec. III. The isotopic evolution of the IBM parameters derived for the nuclei Pt is discussed in Sec. IV. Spectroscopic calculations, including the systematics of excitation spectra and reduced E2 transition probabilities (E2) along the Pt isotopic chain, will be discussed in Sec. V. There, we will also show detailed comparisons between the predicted level schemes and the available data for some Pt isotopes selected as a representative sample. Finally, Sec. VI is devoted to the concluding remarks and work perspectives.

## Ii Theoretical procedure

In this section, we briefly describe the theoretical frameworks used in the present study, i.e., the constrained HFB approximation, as well as the procedure followed to construct the corresponding mapped IBM Hamiltonian. For more details the reader is referred to Refs. gradient-2 (); RaynerPt () and nsofull ().

In order to compute the Gogny-HFB PESs, which are our starting point, we have used the (constrained) HFB method together with the parametrization D1S of the Gogny-EDF. The solution of the HFB equations, leading to the set of vacua , is based on the equivalence of the HFB with a minimization problem that is solved using the gradient method gradient-1 (); gradient-2 (). In agreement with the fitting protocol of the force, the kinetic energy of the center of mass motion has been subtracted from the Routhian to be minimized in order to ensure that the center of mass is kept at rest. The exchange Coulomb energy is considered in the Slater approximation and we neglect the contribution of the Coulomb interaction to the pairing field. The HFB quasiparticle operators are expanded in a Harmonic Oscillator (HO) basis containing enough number of shells (i.e., major shells) to grant convergence for all values of the mass quadrupole operators and for all the nuclei studied. We constrain the average values of the mass quadrupole operators and to the desired deformation values and defined as

 Q20=⟨ΦHFB|^Q20|ΦHFB⟩ (1)

and

 Q22=⟨ΦHFB|^Q22|ΦHFB⟩. (2)

In Ref. RaynerPt (), the energy contour plots with

 Q=√Q220+Q222 (3)

and

 tanγ=Q22Q20 (4)

have been used to study the (mean-field) evolution of the ground state shapes in Pt nuclei. Alternatively, one could also consider the representation in which the quadrupole deformation parameter is written gradient-2 () in terms of [Eq.(3)] as

 β=√4π5QA⟨r2⟩ (5)

where represents the mean squared radius evaluated with the corresponding HFB state .

The set of constrained HFB calculations described above, provides the Gogny-D1S PES (i.e., the total HFB energies RS ()) required for the subsequent mapping procedure, for which the following IBM-2 Hamiltonian is employed

 ^HIBM=ϵ(^ndπ+^ndν)+κ^Qπ⋅^Qν. (6)

where

 ^ndρ=d†ρ⋅~dρ,(ρ=π,ν) (7)

and

 ^Qρ=[s†ρ~dρ+d†ρ~sρ](2)+χρ[d†ρ~dρ](2) (8)

stand for the -boson number operator and the quadrupole operator, respectively. The competition between the coupling constants and determines the degree of nuclear deformation.

The bosonic PES is represented by the expectation value of , computed in terms of the so-called boson coherent state DS (); GK (); BMc ()

 |Φ⟩∝∏ρ=π,ν[s†ρ+∑μ=0,±2αρμd†ρμ]nρ|0⟩ (9)

where stands for the boson vacuum (i.e., inert core) and the coefficients ’s are expressed as , and . Within this context, the intrinsic shape of the nucleus is described in terms of the (axially symmetric) deformation and the (triaxial) deformation . In the present study, as well as in our previous works nso (); nsofull (), we assume for simplicity that and . The IBM PES is then given by nso (); nsofull ()

 EIBM(βB,γB)=ϵ(nπ+nν)β2B1+β2B+nπnνκβ2B(1+β2B)2× [4−2√27(χπ+χν)βBcos3γB+27χπχνβ2B]. (10)

Here we assume the proportionality , with being a numerical coefficient nso (). If one further assumes the separability of the mapping along the and directions nso (); nsofull (), one then has . Thus, (, ) represent the boson images of the (fermion) deformation parameters (, ) given by Eqs. (4) and (5). We then map a point on the HFB PES, (,), within an energy range relevant for the considered low-lying quadrupole collective states, onto the corresponding point on the IBM PES, (,). This process is exactly the mapping of the fermionic PES onto the bosonic one. In practice, one determines the , , and values for each individual nucleus by drawing the IBM PES so that the topology of the corresponding HFB PES is reproduced. This is done unambiguously by means of the recently developed procedure nsofull (), which makes use of the powerful method of the Wavelet transform wavelet ().

Here we would like to make the following remarks: The topology of the HFB PES reflects essential (fermionic) features of many-nucleon systems, such as the Pauli principle and the underlying nuclear interactions. Such effects are supposed to be incorporated into the boson system by the mapping procedure nso (). On the other hand, the solution of the five-dimensional (5D) collective Bohr Hamiltonian with parameters obtained from EDFs calculations (see, for example, CollSk (); CollGo (); CollRHB ()) is a popular alternative to obtain the low-lying collective spectra in even-even nuclei. In this kind of calculations the pure mean-field PES is replaced by another quantity that incorporates in addition to the HFB energy, the zero point rotational and vibrational corrections. These corrections to the energy are intimately related to the use of a generalized kinetic energy term for the collective motion that includes not only moments of inertia but also collective vibrational masses. To what extent the present mapping procedure plus the solution of the IBM Hamiltonian is able to mimic the solution of the 5D Bohr Hamiltonian is still an open question, that can be partially answered by looking at the reasonable results obtained with our method and that compare qualitatively well with the ones of the 5D Hamiltonian. A possible way to incorporate the effect of the collective masses into the mapping would be to make a change of variables (analogous to the one invoked in the derivation of the GOA RS ()) as to render the collective masses constant all over the range of allowed values of the and deformation parameters. Perhaps, this is the missing element that could correct some observed nso (); nsofull () systematic deviations of the IBM rotational spectra with respect to the experimental ones for well deformed systems, and requires the introduction of an additional mass term in the IBM Hamiltonian known as the term ibmmass (). However, this problem does not show up for moderately deformed cases like the ones studied in the present work and therefore it is not considered here.

## Iii Mapped potential energy surfaces

The IBM PESs obtained for the nuclei Pt are shown in Fig. 1 as a representative sample. The IBM parameters , , and , to be discussed later on in Sec. IV, have been obtained by mapping the corresponding Gogny-D1S PESs presented in Fig. 2 of Ref. RaynerPt () along the lines previously described in Sec. II.

The IBM PESs from Pt to Pt display a prolate deformed minimum and an oblate deformed saddle point. The prolate minimum becomes softer in but steeper in direction as the number of neutrons increases. This is, roughly speaking, consistent with the topologies of the HFB PESs of Ref. RaynerPt (), where the minima are located a bit off but quite nearby the line .

The IBM PESs for both Pt are soft, having the minimum on the oblate side. These nuclei are supposed to be close to the critical point of the prolate-to-oblate shape transition. The corresponding HFB PESs display shallow triaxial minima with and are also soft along the direction RaynerPt (). The IBM Hamiltonian considered in the present study does not provide a triaxial minimum, but either prolate or oblate minimum, as can be seen from Eq. (10). The -softness can be simulated by choosing the parameters and so that their sum becomes nearly equal to zero. This is reasonable when a triaxial minimum is not deep enough like the present case, where the triaxial minimum point in the HFB PES differs by at most several hundred keV in energy from either prolate or oblate saddle point. However, the topology of the mapped IBM PES is then somewhat sensitive to the values of the parameters and , which occasionally results in a quantitative difference in the location of the minimum in the IBM PES from that of the HFB PES. In fact, and contrary to what happens with the HFB PESs RaynerPt (), the IBM PES of Pt is softer in than that of Pt. One should then expect a certain deviation of the resultant IBM spectra from the experimental ones, which can be partly attributed to the small difference already mentioned.

In Fig. 1, isotopes from Pt to Pt exhibit oblate deformation. The locations of their energy minima and their curvatures in both and directions agree well with the ones of the Gogny-D1S PESs in Ref. RaynerPt (). These isotopes become steeper in the direction and shallower in the direction as the number of neutrons increases. Their energy minima approach the origin more rapidly than the lighter Pt nuclei shown Fig. 1. This evolution reflects the transition from oblate deformed ground states to a spherical vibrator as one approaches the neutron shell closure .

## Iv Derived IBM parameters

The IBM parameters , , and derived for the nuclei Pt from the mapping procedure described in Sec. II are depicted in Figs. 2(a)-2(d) as functions of the mass number .

Figure 2(a) shows the parameter gradually decreases toward mid shell in accordance with the growth of the deformation. This trend reflects the structural evolution from nearly spherical to more deformed shapes and is consistent with previous results for other isotopic chains nsofull (). In Fig. 2(b), the derived parameter is almost constant and somewhat larger in comparison with the phenomenological value BijkerOs (), which is the consequence of the sharp potential valleys observed in the Gogny-D1S PESs RaynerPt ().

On the other hand, in Fig. 2(c) the proton parameter is almost constant while the neutron parameter changes significantly. The systematic behavior of the present value is consistent with the phenomenological one BijkerOs (), while there is quantitative difference between the former and the latter. The magnitude of the sum as well as its sign depend on how sharp the HFB PES is in the direction and on whether the nucleus is prolate (negative sum) or oblate (positive sum) deformed, respectively. Therefore, as does not change much, the role of instability can be seen clearly from the systematics of . For the isotopes Pt the PES exhibits prolate deformation and the sum has negative sign. The average of the derived and values is nearly equal to zero for the nuclei Pt. This is a consequence of the softness in the corresponding HFB PESs. On the other hand, the sum becomes larger with positive sign as we approach the neutron shell closure =126 reflecting the appearance of weakly deformed oblate structures in the corresponding PESs.

Figure 2(d) shows that decreases gradually toward the middle of the major shell. can be interpreted as the “bridge” between the geometrical deformation BM () and the IBM deformation and is thus proportional to the ratio between the total and valence nucleon numbers, in a good approximation GK (). This is probably the reason for the decreasing trend observed in Fig. 2(d), as well as in earlier studies for other isotopic chains nso (); nsofull ().

## V Spectroscopic calculations

With all the parameters , , and required by the IBM Hamiltonian at hand, we are now able to test the spectroscopic quality of our mapping procedure, based on the Gogny-D1S EDF, for the nuclei Pt. Therefore, in the following we will discuss our predictions concerning the properties of the low-lying spectra as well as the reduced transition probabilities (E2). We will also consider their correspondence with the mapped PESs and the derived IBM parameters. We will compare our theoretical predictions with the available experimental data taken from Brookhaven National Nuclear Data Center (NNDC) data () and from the latest Nuclear Data Sheets BE2 (). The diagonalization of the IBM Hamiltonian is performed numerically for each nucleus using the code NPBOS npbos ().

Here we have to note that the experimental and levels for mass numbers belong to bands different from that of the level, while they are assigned to the quasi--band levels in Fig. 3(b), as well as in Fig. 5, for convenience sake. Similarly, as one will see in Fig. 3(c) the experimental data for the and the levels in Pt are assigned to the quasi--band levels lying on top of the energy.

### v.1 Evolution of low-lying spectra

Figure 3 displays the calculated spectra for (a) ground-state, (b) quasi- and (c) quasi- bands. What is striking is the good agreement between the present calculations and the experimental data not only for ground-state but also for quasi- and quasi- band energies, where overall experimental trends are reproduced fairly well in particular for the open-shell nuclei Pt.

We show in Fig. 3(a) the evolution of the , , and levels in the considered Pt nuclei as functions of the mass number . The calculated energies decrease toward the middle of the major shell with the number of the valence neutrons and remain almost constant for nuclei. Although these tendencies are well reproduced, the rotational features are somewhat enhanced in the calculated levels for Pt which are slightly lower in energy than the experimental ones. From both the theoretical results and the experimental data, one can also observe clear fingerprints for structural evolution with a jump between Pt and Pt, which can be correlated with the change of the mapped PESs from prolate to oblate deformations. For the yrast levels gradually go up as the neutron shell closure =126 is approached.

One can also find signatures for a shape/phase transition in the systematics of the quasi- band levels shown in Fig. 3(b). From 180 to 186, the band head and the level look either constant or nearly constant in both theory and experiment. The two levels are pushed up rather significantly from =186 to 188 consistently with the systematics in the ground-state band and with the change of the mapped PESs as functions of the neutron number . The calculated and levels are higher than but still follow the experimental trends.

Coming now to the quasi- band levels shown in Fig. 3(c), one can observe the remarkable agreement between theoretical and experimental spectra for , where the level lies close to the level. However, the present calculation suggests this trend persists even for , whereas the relative spacing between the experimental and levels for these nuclei is larger. Similar deviation occurs for and levels, although the latter is not exhibited in Fig. 3(b). This means that our calculations suggest the feature characteristic of the O(6) symmetry, where the staggering occurs as , ( ), ( ), …. etc. However, the experimental levels are lying more regularly particularly for , and thus appear to be in between the O(6) limit and a rigid triaxial rotor where the staggering shows up as ( ), ( ), … etc triaxial (). Such a deviation of the -band structure seems to be nothing but a consequence of an algebraic nature of the IBM, and indeed has also been found in existing phenomenological IBM calculations BijkerOs (). From a phenomenological point of view, the so-called cubic (or the three-boson) interaction cubic (); Casten-cubic () has been useful for reproducing the experimental -band structure. The cubic term produces a shallow triaxial minimum that is seen in the Gogny-HFB PES, and may be introduced also in the Hamiltonian in Eq. (6). This is, however, out of focus in the current theoretical framework, because the cubic term represents an effective force whose origin remains to be investigated further.

Here, the deviations observed in the side-band levels (even in some of the ground-state band levels) for are probably related to the larger magnitude of the parameter as compared with its phenomenological value BijkerOs (). Roughly speaking, when the magnitude of becomes larger, the moment of inertia decreases, resulting in the deviation of not only ground-state-band but also the side-band energies. The problem arises in the present case partly because, in the vicinity of the shell closure , the HFB PESs exhibit weak oblate deformations close to the origin , as we showed in Fig. 1. In addition, the curvatures along the direction around the minima are somewhat larger. These peculiar topologies of the Gogny-D1S PESs make it rather difficult to determine a value of which gives reasonable agreement of side-band energies with the experimental ones. In this case one may interpret that the deviation is mainly due to the properties of the particular version of the Gogny-EDF considered in the present study. Another possibility is that the boson Hamiltonian used may be still simple, requiring the introduction of additional interaction terms in the boson system. Investigation along these lines is in progress and will be reported elsewhere.

### v.2 Systematics of B(E2) ratios

Once the boson wave functions corresponding to the excited states of a given nucleus are obtained, we are able to compute electromagnetic transitions, among which the reduced E2 transition probabilities (E2) are of particular importance. The (E2) transition probabilities are given by BM ()

 B(E2;J→J′)=12J+1|⟨J′||^T(E2)||J⟩|2, (11)

where and are the angular momenta for the initial and final states, respectively. The E2 transition operator is given by , with and being the boson effective charges. In principle, the effective charges should be determined independently of the underlying mean-field calculation. In the present paper, we assume , for simplicity, and focus our discussion on the (E2) ratios defined as

 R1 = B(E2;4+1→2+1)/B(E2;2+1→0+1) R2 = B(E2;2+2→2+1)/B(E2;2+1→0+1) R3 = B(E2;0+2→2+1)/B(E2;2+1→0+1) R4 = B(E2;2+2→0+1)/B(E2;2+2→2+1), (12)

which are shown in Fig. 4 as functions of the mass number .

The ratio is nearly constant all the way, being much below the U(5) limit of IBM (), and is rather close to , which is the O(6) and SU(3) limit of IBM. Thus, is not a sensitive observable to distinguish between axially symmetric and -soft nuclei. This is reasonable because the structural evolution between axially symmetric deformed and the -unstable shapes is shown to take place quite smoothly from the systematics of the mapped PESs (in Sec. III) and the derived IBM parameters (in Sec. IV). The flat behavior of value for Pt isotopes in Fig. 4 differs from the one found e.g., in Sm isotopes IBM1-Sm (). There, a sharp decrease of value can be seen in the line of U(5)-SU(3) shape/phase transition.

One can see that, in contrast to the flat systematics of the value with respect to the mass number , the ratio changes significantly and is relatively large for Pt nuclei, being close to (O(6) limit). This is consistent with the softness of the PESs for these nuclei. Therefore, the quantity is quite sensitive to the shape evolution encountered in the PESs and can be thus considered as the best signature for -softness among -. There are not much available data overall, but the experimental value is also relatively large around Pt. For the nuclei Pt, the theoretical value is close to zero (the SU(3) limit) and slightly goes up from =174 to 172, probably approaching the U(5) vibrational limit (=2) in the vicinity of the neutron shell closure .

Unlike the case, the calculated ratio does not change much with mass number and is close to zero (O(6) and SU(3) limits of ) for Pt. From =180, the turns to increase as we move towards the neutron shell closure and is expected to approach the U(5) limit (). The calculated value is, however, still much smaller than the experimental value at . In fact, both the HFB and the mapped PESs for the nucleus Pt display a weakly deformed shape, which somewhat differs from the vibrational feature expected from the corresponding experimental levels. The present value does not exhibit a drastic change observed in shape transitions in 130 Ba-Xe and 100 Ru-Pd isotopes, where the E2 transition from the state to the is much enhanced nsofull ().

Finally, the branching ratio also corresponds to a gradual shape transition. The present calculations suggest that the value is nearly zero (O(6) limit) in the region where the nuclei are soft and where the ratio takes large values. The calculated ratio becomes relatively larger for , where the PESs show stronger prolate deformation. Consistently with the evolution of the IBM PESs, the calculated values turn to approach the U(5) limit, which is also zero, for . Similarly to the case, a deviation from the vibrational character of the experimental data is found at .

It should be emphasized that all the results for (E2) values shown so far are quite consistent with the topologies of the PESs and with the derived IBM parameter values.

### v.3 Level schemes of selected nuclei

As already mentioned in Sec. I, one of the main goals of the present study is to test the spectroscopic quality of the mapping procedure and the underlying (universal) Gogny-D1S EDF gradient-2 (); CollGo (), which have been described in Sec. II. Keeping this in mind, we will now turn our attention to a more detailed comparison between our results and the available experimental data for excitation spectra and (E2) values. To this end, we select the nuclei Pt as a representative sample corresponding to the mapped PESs shown in Fig. 1. The level schemes obtained for the nuclei Pt are compared in Fig. 5 with available experimental data. The theoretical (E2) values are shown also in Fig. 5. Note that value is normalized to the experimental one. The virtue of the present calculation is to give predicted (E2) values for those nuclei which have no enough E2 information available. This is particularly useful in the cases of Pt, Pt and Pt where the calculated spectra agree well with the experiment.

For clarity, we divide the explanation of the results shown in Fig. 5 into the following three categories, according to the tendencies of what we found in the PESs and the IBM parameters and the experimental data. The first is the prolate deformed regime represented by the nuclei Pt, which exhibit a rotational character. Next, we will consider the isotopes Pt which are apparently close to the critical point of the prolate-to-oblate transition observed in the mapped PESs (see Fig. 1). Lastly, calculated and experimental results are compared for the nuclei Pt which belong to the weakly oblate deformed regime. Note that, in Fig. 5, the energy scale is not common for all nuclei.

For Pt, the present calculation reproduces overall pattern of the experimental spectra in all of the ground-state, quasi- and quasi- bands fairly well. Interesting enough, the bandhead energies, particularly the quasi- bandhead , are much higher than the level, compared to the experimental data. This indicates that, reflecting the topologies of the PESs in Fig. 1, the Pt nuclei deviate from the -soft O(6) character and exhibit rather rotational features. The energies are predicted to be above ones in both nuclei.

On the other hand, both Pt and Pt, whose PESs are quite flat along the direction in Fig. 1, appear to be closer to the -unstable O(6) limit of the IBM than the two nuclei already mentioned above. The and levels lie close to each other in the present study and, in the spirit of group theory, are supposed to have the same quantum number of the O(6) dynamical symmetry AI (). Similarly, in our calculations the , , and levels are almost degenerate and can be then grouped into the multiple. Along these lines, we can observe characteristic E2 decay patterns that are quite consistent with the selection rule of the O(6) limit AI (). For instance, the transition from the level (supposed to have ) to level (supposed to have ) is dominant over the one to (supposed to have ) in both Pt and Pt. The trend characteristic of O(6) symmetry is clearly seen particularly in Pt, where the sum of the parameters and almost vanishes as seen from Fig. 2(c). This means that the nucleus is close to the pure O(6) limit, and is consistent with the mapped PES in Fig. 1 that is nearly flat along the direction. Nevertheless, the structure of the corresponding experimental band appears to have a more triaxial nature, where the and the levels are apart from each other. As we have anticipated in Sec. III, this deviation arises partly due to the difference of the position of energy minimum between Gogny-D1S PESs of RaynerPt () and the corresponding IBM PESs of Fig. 1.

For Pt nuclei, the theoretical -band structure still looks like that of O(6) symmetry. What is of particular interest here is that, for both Pt, the relative location of the quasi--band head energy is reproduced fairly well lying close to the level. In addition, for Pt, the present calculation suggests that the E2 transition is dominant over the E2 transition, which, although there is quantitative deviation, agrees with the experimental trend. The reason why such a quantitative difference occurs may be discussed in the future. Compared to the experimental data, the theoretical quasi- band is rather stretched and the band head energy is somewhat large. The calculated energy is also higher than the experimental one in particular for Pt. Accordingly, the theoretical value is much smaller than experimental value with respect to the value. The deviations occur due to the derived value, which is somewhat larger than the phenomenological one BijkerOs (). For relatively high-lying side-band and energies, the calculated results may not seem to be much reliable, because even the ordering of these levels are not reproduced for Pt.

## Vi Summary

To summarize, spectroscopic calculations have been carried out, for the Pt isotopic chain in terms of the Interacting Boson Model Hamiltonian derived microscopically based on the (constrained) Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approach with the Gogny-D1S Energy Density Functional.

The Gogny-HFB calculations provide the potential energy surface (PES), which reflects, to a good extent, many-nucleon dynamics of surface deformation with quadrupole degrees of freedom and structural evolution in a given isotopic chain. By following the procedure proposed in Ref. nso (), the PES of the Gogny-D1S EDF is mapped onto the corresponding bosonic PES, and can be then utilized as a guideline for determining the parameters of the IBM Hamiltonian. This enables one to calculate the spectroscopic observables with good quantum numbers (i.e., the angular momentum and the particle number) in the laboratory system without adjustment of levels.

By this approach, global tendencies of the experimental low-lying spectra of Pt nuclei are reproduced quite well not only for ground-state but also for side bands of mainly open-shell nuclei. It has been shown that shape/phase transition occurs quite smoothly from prolate to oblate deformations as a function of in the considered nuclei Pt, where the instability plays an essential role. From the analysis in Fig. 1, the change of the mapped IBM PESs in direction has been more vividly seen than in direction, similarly to the corresponding Gogny-HFB PESs of Ref. RaynerPt (). This is consistent with the conclusions in our earlier work RaynerPt () and also with many others along the same line. We have shown that the calculated spectra and the (E2) ratios behave consistently with the evolution of the topologies of the mapped PES’s and with the systematics of the derived IBM parameters as functions of the neutron number . These derived parameters are qualitatively quite similar to the existing phenomenological IBM studies CastenCizewski (); BijkerOs (). By studying the level schemes in detail in comparison with the available experimental data, the present calculation agrees with the data fairly nicely and reflects the algebraic aspects of the IBM, e.g., the selection rule of the E2 decay patterns. We have also made predictions on some E2 transition patterns. These behaviors of the (E2) may need to be examined experimentally particularly for lighter, nuclei with which there is currently few available data.

The evolution of ground-state shape as a function of both and has been studied within neighboring isotopic chains such as Os, W, Hf and Yb gradient-2 (). More systematic analysis is in order for these nuclei, by more extensive application of the present approach. It should be then of interest to study how the corresponding spectra and transition probabilities behave.

On the other hand, the IBM Hamiltonian of Eq. (6) has rather simple form consisting of single--boson operator and the quadrupole-quadrupole interaction between proton and neutron bosons. The results provided by the present Hamiltonian were shown to be already quite promising. However, more studies may be necessary in the future for further refinement, e.g., in describing detailed structure of the quasi- band. Work along this line is in progress.

## Acknowledgments

We thank D. Vretenar for valuable discussions. This work has been supported in part by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) 20244022 and by Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows (No. 217368). Author K.N. is supported by JSPS Fellowship program. Part of this work has been carried out during his visit to the European Center for Theoretical Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*). He acknowledges ECT* and A. Richter for their kind hospitality. The work of authors L.M.R and P.S has been supported by MICINN (Spain) under research grants FIS2008–01301, FPA2009-08958, and FIS2009-07277, as well as by Consolider-Ingenio 2010 Programs CPAN CSD2007-00042 and MULTIDARK CSD2009-00064. Author R.R. acknowledges the support received within the framework of the FIDIPRO program (Academy of Finland and University of Jyväskylä) and thanks Profs. J. Äysto and R.Julin as well as the experimental teams of the University of Jyväskylä (Finland) for warm hospitality and encouraging discussions.

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