Hieu Duy Nguyen, Member, IEEE, and Sumei Sun, Senior Member, IEEE Manuscript received …; revised … ; accepted … . This work was presented in part at … . The associate editor coordinating the review of this paper and approving it for publication was … .The authors are with the Institute for Infocomm Research (IR), the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore (email(s): {nguyendh, sunsm}@i2r.a-star.edu.sg).Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.Digital Object Identifier XXX.
###### Abstract

In this paper, we study the performance of non-fading and Rayleigh fading ad hoc networks. We first characterize the distribution of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) through the Laplace transform of the inverted SINR for non-fading channels. Since most communication systems are interference-limited, we also consider the case of negligible noise power, and derive the upper and lower bounds for the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) distribution under both non-fading and fading cases. These bounds are of closed forms and thus more convenient for theoretical analysis. Based on these derivations, we obtain closed-form bounds for both the average Shannon and outage rates. We also leverage the above results to study partial fading ad-hoc systems. These results are useful for investigating and comparing fifth-generation communication systems, for example massive multi-antenna and small-cell networks as in our illustrative example.

{keywords}

Fifth generation (5G) systems, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), small cell densification, stochastic geometry, large system analysis.

## I Introduction

Due to frequency reuse, a wireless communication system is affected by not only the thermal noise but also interference from other transmitters in the same frequency band. The thermal noise can be modeled as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). On the other hand, the network interference characteristic is often elusive as it depends on many aspects, for example the spatial structure of the overall network or the propagation characteristics. For ease of analysis, interference can be approximated by AWGN with some given power [1]. However, such simple model does not capture many physical parameters affecting the interference. More realistic models, using hexagonal or square lattice, are often difficult to analyze and thus mostly rely on simulations for investigation. System modeling based on stochastic geometry can account for all practical parameters while yielding explicit performance expressions, hence is promising.

Stochastic geometry has been applied to investigate communication networks as early as 1970s [2]. It has been successfully integrated and adapted to cellular, ultra-wideband, cognitive radio, relay, and especially ad hoc networks [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Since wireless systems is mostly interference-limited, a majority of the works have focused on characterizing the interference and the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) at each receiver/user equipment (UE). Please refer to [10, 11, 12] for detailed summaries. Under most networks, the interference and/or SIR distribution were represented only through Laplace transforms, which are often complicated. Useful bounds of the SIR distribution for several system models have been proposed in [13] and [14]. In the seminal work [15], the fading ad hoc network has been investigated under the assumption that the desired signal power at a typical receiver/UE is exponentially distributed. Based on the Laplace transform and probability generating functionals of Poisson point processes (PPPs), Andrews et. al. have shown that the interference and SIR distribution of a wide range of networks can be greatly simplified. Such approach has enabled simpler derivations of the outage probability and achievable rate, and thus motivated more investigations [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21].

Stochastic geometry is particularly useful in modeling and studying heterogeneous networks, which consists of many coexisting communication systems and in which all participating transmitters and receivers are randomly located [19, 20, 21]. Coordination and cooperation between cells have also been considered, e.g., in [17]. A shortcoming of many existing works is that they assume a very large UE density compared to the transmitter/BS density, effectively considering severely interfering networks only. To address this shortcoming, several recent studies have introduced a general model which includes the UE density as a varying parameter for performance investigation [16, 18].

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II introduces the ad hoc network and its system model based on stochastic geometry. In Section III, we derive the Laplace transform of the inverted SINR, and the bounds of the SIR distribution and rates for non-fading ad hoc networks. Similar results for Rayleigh fading and partial fading ad hoc systems are obtained in Sections IV and V, respectively. Section VI presents one application of our results to study M-MIMO performance and to compare it with that of small-cell densification. Finally, Section VII concludes the paper.

Notations: Scalars and vectors/matrices are denoted by lower-case and bold-face lower-case/upper-case letters, respectively. The conjugate, transpose, and conjugate transpose operators are denoted by , , and , respectively. stands for the th element of the matrix . denotes the statistical expectation over a random variable . , , and represent the trace, Frobenius norm, and determinant of a matrix, respectively. denotes an -by- identity matrix. and denote the space of -by- real and complex matrices, respectively. Finally, the circularly symmetric complex Gaussian distribution with mean and variance is represented by .

## Ii System Model for Ad-Hoc Networks

In this paper, we consider ad hoc wireless networks with an infinite number of base stations (BSs) randomly distributed over an infinite area. The locations of the BSs are modeled by a homogeneous PPP with density . The single-antenna UEs are assumed to be distributed according to some independent stationary point process, and each UE is associated with the nearest transmit node. Furthermore, the UE density is large enough such that the BSs all transmit at any given time. The resulting system model is the so-called ad hoc network in the literature [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. Consider an arbitrary BS . Under the power-law path loss model, the base-band received signal for the UE in cell is given as

 yb=hb,bd−μ/2b,bxb+∞∑k≠bhb,kd−μ/2b,kxk+nb, (1)

where and are the distance and the independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) fading coefficient between BS and the UE associated with BS ; is the transmit signal of BS , where is the transmit power; is the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), ; and is the path loss exponent.

Since the system model is homogeneous, all analysis for a typical UE is applicable to any other user due to the Slivnyak’s theorem [10, 11, 12]. For ease of notation, hereafter we consider the UE associated with BS and drop the index for brevity. The SINR for a typical UE can thus be given as

 SINR=|h1|2d−μ1∑∞k=2|hk|2d−μk+δ, (2)

where is the normalized noise power. Fig. 1 shows a channel realization of an ad hoc network with BS density km and service area assumed to be km.

In this section, we consider a non-fading ad hoc network where , , in the system model described in Section II. Such system is also referred to as the base-line model [13]. We first obtain the Laplace transform of the inverted SINR. However, the resulting expression is complicated and thus difficult to use for theoretical analysis. We then derive the upper and lower bounds for the SIR distribution, which are in closed forms. Based on these results, we investigate and obtain the bounds for both the average Shannon and the outage rates of non-fading ad hoc networks.

Consider the random variable

 Qn-fd≜d−μ1∑∞k=2d−μk+δ. (3)

It represents the SINR at a typical UE under non-fading ad hoc networks with noise power . However, existing works have assumed that the distance is a constant and only the set follows a PPP [13, 23]. In contrast, we consider the case when follows the PPP with density and , . This is a typical regime where the UE is associated with the nearest transmitter. The distance from the UE to the associated transmitter, , is therefore smaller than those to other transmitters, .

We first derive the Laplace transform of , based on which the distribution of can be calculated numerically. We furthermore propose CDF upper and lower bounds of , which is much more useful for theoretical analysis than the Laplace transform.

###### Theorem 1

The Laplace transform of the random variable is given as

 L1/Qn-fd(s) =πλ∫∞0exp{−syμ/2δ−πλy ×[2−e−s+s2/μγ(1−2μ,s)]}dy, (4)
###### Proof:

Please refer to Appendix A. \qed

Theorem 1 provides a semi-analytical approach to calculate the distribution of , and consequently of . However, such a characterization requires intensive numerical computations, but does not provide any insightful observation. We thus seek to find bounds for the CDF of which is more useful for theoretical analyses. Here we assume that the noise power is small and approximate . In M-MIMO systems, this approximation is well justified due to effect of M-MIMO beamforming which compels the noise power to much smaller than the inter-BS interference. The following lemma establishes upper and lower bounds of the CDF of given that .

###### Lemma 1

Given that and , the CDF is upper- and lower-bounded as , where

 FLBQn-fd(q) =1−1q2/μ, (5) FUBQn-fd(q) =1−1βn-fdq2/μ, (6)

and

 βn-fd=(μ+2)2/μ+1μ(μ−2)2/μ. (7)
###### Proof:

Please refer to Appendix B. \qed

It is difficult to investigate the regime . In the following, we provide an asymptotic upper bound for as or .

###### Lemma 2

Given that and but or , the CDF is upper-bounded as

 FUBQn-fd(q)=1−11+βn-% fdq2/μ, (8)
###### Proof:

Please refer to Appendix C. \qed

Based on Lemmas 1 and 2, we propose the following universal bounds for .

 FLBQn-fd(q)= 0, 0≤q≤1, (9a) FLBQn-fd(q)= 1−1q2/μ, q>1, (9b)
 FUBQn-fd(q)=1−11+βn-% fdq2/μ. (10)

Analytically, (10) has been proved only when: ; ; or but in Lemmas 1 and 2. However, intensive simulations show that it holds for all values of . In Fig. 2, we show the simulated SINR CDF and the bounds given in (6), (9b), and (10), for an ad hoc network with , dB, and channel realizations. We see that the bounds are close to the exact distribution. With a path-loss exponent following that of LTE, i.e., [24], the difference between (6) and the looser (but universal) (10) is negligible. However, as increases, we observe that (10) deviates farther from the exact CDF than (6). Another observation is that the tail of the exact SINR CDF seems to follow a mixed scaling law . This observation might help subsequent works for developing tighter CDF bounds.

The following Corollary 1 gives the expectation of , averaged over the PPP . This result might be useful for comparison between different systems. The proof can be deduced from Appendix C. A confirmation for Corollary 1 is illustrated in Fig. 3, where we plot the inverted SINR versus the path-loss exponent with dB .

###### Corollary 1

For non-fading channel, the expectation of the inverted SIR is given as .

### Iii-a Average Achievable Rate

In this subsection, we obtain several results for the average Shannon rate of a typical user, defined as

 Rn-fd(α)≜EΦ[log2(1+αQn-fd)], (11)

where is given in (3) and is a constant representing, e.g., the beamforming gain of the system. Essentially, we have assumed that single-user receiver is employed, i.e., the interference is treated as noise. We first note the following fact

###### Fact 1

For a positive random variable , the expectation of can be expressed as .

Based on Fact 1, the average rate can be written as

 Rn-fd(α) =∫∞0Pr{log2(1+αQ%n−fd)>t}dt =∫∞0Pr{Qn-fd>2t−1α}dt. (12)

Therefore, an exact can be calculated numerically by using the Laplace transform of in Theorem 1. Such approach, however, does not give us any insight on the system performance. We therefore provide bounds of based on (9b) and (10) in the next lemma.

###### Lemma 3

The average Shannon rate is upper- and lower-bounded by and , respectively, where

 RUBn-fd(α) =log2(1+α)+α2/μμ(μ−2)log2ρ(α1−2/μ,μμ−2), (13) RLBn-fd(α) =∫∞0α2/μdtα2/μ+βn-fd(2t−1)2/μ, (14)

where .

###### Proof:

Please refer to Appendix D. \qed

### Iii-B Outage Rate

Outage rate is another performance metric which for our system can be defined as

 ORn-fd(α,η)≜Pr{Qn-fd≥ηα}log2(1+η), (15)

where is a given beamforming gain and is the target SINR corresponding to a target rate of . Similar to the Shannon throughput, the exact outage rate can be numerically determined based on the Laplace transform (1). Again, we derive the bounds for the outage rate in the following lemma.

###### Lemma 4

The outage rate with is upper- and lower-bounded by and , respectively, where

 ORUBn-fd(α,η)= log2(1+η), 0≤η≤α, (16a) ORUBn-fd(α,η)= log2(1+η)(αη)2/μ, η>α. (16b)
 ORLBn-fd(α,η) =log2(1+η)1+βn-fd(ηα)2/μ. (17)

where is defined in Lemma 1.

###### Proof:

The proof is obtained by substituting (5) and (10) into (15). It is thus omitted for brevity. \qed

The outage capacity of a system can be defined as the maximum of over , i.e., . However, it is not easy to derive based on Lemma 4.

In Figs. 4 and 5, we illustrate the average Shannon rate and the outage rate over and , respectively. For comparison, we also plot their analytical upper and lower bounds given in Lemmas 3 and 4. It is seen that the upper bound is tighter than the lower bound for the average rate. The observation is reversed for the outage rate, in which the lower bound is (slightly) tighter. One reason for the slackness of the lower bound is due to the overestimation of (10). Intensive simulations suggest that the tail of the exact SINR CDF follows , which approaches faster than the polynomial law given by the current CDF bounds (9b) and (10). To obtain tighter CDF bounds, more stringent analyses are necessary.

###### Remark 1

Assume that the noise power is ignored, i.e., . From Theorem 1, we observe that the Laplace transform of does not depend on the density , and it can be expressed as

 L1/Qn-fd(s) =∫∞0exp{−t[2−e−s (18)

As a result, the CDF and rate of non-fading ad hoc networks are independent of the density. Such observation is readily demonstrated in Lemmas 1 to 4. At first glance, it seems to contradict with the results in [13, 23]. The reason for the difference is that Weber et. al. only assumed the interfering BS locations to distribute according to a PPP, but not the associated BS. The distance between the UE and associated BS is a constant in [13, 23]. However in this study, we assume that all BS locations are distributed according to a PPP.

We also note that the independence of the CDF and rate to the density can be explained geometrically. Having a higher density resembles the effect of zooming in a certain region and adding more transmitting nodes. Since the considered PPP is homogeneous, the resulting PPP is stochastically equivalent to the original one. The relative ratios between the distances are therefore unchanged. It explains why the CDF and the rate are unaffected by the BS density.

In this section, we consider a slightly different problem than Section III. Particularly, we investigate the quantity

 Qfd≜|h1|2d−μ1∑k∈Φ∖{1}|hk|2d−μk+δ, (19)

where , , , and have been defined in Section II. In the literature, is the SINR of an ad hoc network under fading channels, and also attracted much attention. The exact outage probability of is given in [15] for the general and various special cases. The crucial assumption in [15] is the exponential distribution of , which allows a simple representation of the SINR distribution.

We are interested in the Rayleigh fading channel, i.e., is exponentially distributed with variance , of which the SINR CDF is provided in [15, Theorem 2]. Assuming that the noise power is , a much simpler expression can be obtained as [15]

 FQfd(q)=Pr{Qfd≤q}=1−11+q2/μρ(q−2/μ,μ2), (20)

where the function is defined in Lemma 3. The expression (20) requires a numerical integration and is thus not useful for performance analysis. We will develop the lower and upper bounds for (20).

###### Lemma 5

Assume . The lower and upper bounds for the CDF of defined in (19) are given as

 FLBQfd(q) =1−Eh⎡⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢⎣11+2q2/μμ|h|2/μΓ(2μ,|h|2q)⎤⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥⎦, (21) FUBQfd(q) =1−11+βfdq2/μ. (22)

where ; and

 βfd≜2πμsin(2πμ)=Γ(1+2μ)Γ(1−2μ). (23)
###### Proof:

Please refer to Appendix E. \qed

Fig. 6 depicts the SINR CDF and the bounds given in Lemma 5 for and dB. Unlike the non-fading network (see Fig. 2), the bounds for the fading case is much stricter, especially the upper bound. For path-loss exponents under typical LTE regimes, i.e., to [24], the upper bound is very close to the exact CDF, and gradually becomes looser as increases. It is expected that the gaps between the exact rates and bounds given in Lemma 6 will be smaller than those under the non-fading case.

In the following, we derive the average achievable Shannon and outage rate bounds based on the CDF upper bound. The proofs are similar to those in Sections III-A and III-B, and thus omitted for brevity.

###### Lemma 6

The average Shannon rate and the outage rate are bounded above, respectively, by

 RLBfd(α) =∫∞0α2/μdtα2/μ+βfd(2t−1)2/μ, (24) ORLBfd(α,η) =log2(1+η)1+βfd(ηα)2/μ. (25)

The rate upper bounds can also be derived, however, they possess complicated integral forms with little practical use. The reason is due to (21) which requires numerical calculations. We therefore do not present the rate lower bounds here.

In Figs. 7 and 8, we illustrate the average Shannon and outage rate over and , respectively, for Rayleigh fading ad hoc networks. For comparison, we also plot their analytical lower bounds given in Lemma 6, and the analytical values calculated based on the noise-free CDF approximation (20). As expected, the bounds for the fading channel are much tighter than the non-fading counterpart given in Section III.

Similar to the non-fading case, here the CDF and rates are also independent of the density. The reason is the same as in Remark 1. Finally, we note that given , the average of the inverted SIR goes to infinity since is unbounded, where the random variable .

In this section, we will investigate partial fading ad-hoc networks, under which only the interfering signals experience Rayleigh fading channels while the desired signal does not. The SINR of a typical user is expressed as

 Qp-fd≜d−μ1∑k∈Φ∖{1}|hk|2d−μk+δ, (26)

where , , , and have been defined in Section II. In the literature, has also been studied in [13, 23]. However, as discussed in Section III, the distance is assumed to be a constant and only the set follows a PPP [13, 23]. Here, we consider the case when follows the PPP with density and , .

Similar to Section III, we will derive the Laplace transform of and the distribution bounds for assuming that . The results are presented in the following lemmas. Note that no upper bound is available due to the difficulty of the derivation.

###### Lemma 7

The Laplace transform of is given as

 L1/Qp-fd(s)=2πλ∫∞0xexp{−sxμδ −πλ[x2+2∫∞x(1−11+sxμv−μ)dv]}dx (27)
###### Proof:

Please refer to Appendix F \qed

###### Lemma 8

Assume . The lower bound of the CDF of defined in (26) is given as

 FUBQp-fd(q) =1−11+2q2/μμΓ(2μ,1q). (28)
###### Proof:

The proof follows from (E-A) in Appendix E. \qed

It is difficult to derive a CDF upper bound of partial fading ad-hoc networks. In the following, we will present an interesting relationship between non-fading and partial fading networks which leads to such bound. Note that given a PPP configuration, is a summation of an infinite number of independent random variables. Without loss of generality, we can rank as . Due to the Kolmogorov’s strong law of large number [25, Theorem 2.3.10], we have

 1NN∑k=2|hk|2d−μkN→∞−−−−→E1N{hk}[N∑k=2|hk|2d−μk]=1NN∑k=2d−μk, (29)

since

 ∞∑k=21k2varhk[|hk|2d−μk]<∞∑k=2d−μk<∞ (30)

with high probability when . Therefore, we can approximate

 ∑k∈Φ∖{1}|hk|2d−μk≈∑k∈Φ∖{1}d−μk, (31)

and . With this approximation, we can utilize all results, not only restrict to the upper bound, from Section III to study partial fading ad-hoc networks.

In Fig. 9, we show the simulated SINR CDFs of non-fading and partial fading ad-hoc networks as well as their bounds. Here, the number of channel realizations is . It is observed that the CDFs of and are closely matched. Furthermore, even through simpler, the lower bound (28) is much looser than (9b. Together, those observations well justify the approximation and the use of the results in Section III to study .

## Vi Case Study: Massive MIMO and Small-Cell Densification in 5G

Towards the development of the fifth generation (5G) communication systems, there emerge many promising technologies. It is therefore necessary to compare their performance under different scenarios, developing insights to deploy the right technology in the right scenarios. Note that among the technologies are M-MIMO and small-cell densification, both promising higher achievable throughput with either concentrating massive number of antennas in one location and serving the users with narrow beams, or distributing the large number of antennas close to the users’ proximity.

The results obtained in Sections III and IV are useful to obtain performance insights for 5G systems, since many of them can be modeled or reduced to non-fading and Rayleigh fading ad-hoc networks. Furthermore, it is possible to compare the performance of such systems using the bounds given in Sections III and IV, due to their closed-form expressions.

Here, we give an example of M-MIMO networks. Consider the system model in Section III but with antennas at each BS. The base-band received signal for the UE in cell is given as

 yb=\boldmath{h}Hb,b\boldmath{x}b+∞∑b′≠b\boldmath{h}Hb′,b\boldmath{x}b′+nb, (32)

where is the channel between BS and the associated UE of BS ; and is the transmit signal from BS . Here, ; = is a large scale fading including path loss with denoting the path loss exponent; follows a statistical distribution ; and is the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) distributed as .

Assume that each BS has a total power constraint of and therefore . Furthermore, assume that each BS employs the (optimal) conjugate beamforming, i.e., where and are the beamformer and desired signal of BS , respectively. We can express the SINR of the UE associated to BS as

 SINRb =d−μb,b∥∥ˆ\boldmath{h}b,b∥∥2/M∞∑b′≠bd−μb′,bˆ\boldmath{h}Hb′,bˆ\boldmath{h}b′,b′ˆ% \boldmath{h}Hb′,b′ˆ\boldmath{h}b′,bM∥∥ˆ\boldmath{h}b′,b′∥∥2+σ2nM2PT M→∞−−−−→Md−μb,b∞∑b′≠bd−μb′,b|~hb′|2+σ2nMPT, (33)

where are i.i.d. random variables each distributing as .

It can be observed that (VI) has a similar form to (26). We thus can apply the results in Sections III and V to investigate the performance of M-MIMO networks modeled as in (32). Note that small-cell systems can be modeled as Rayleigh fading ad-hoc networks. Therefore, we can further compare the performance of M-MIMO and small cell networks due to the closed-form expressions of the performance bounds in Section III and IV. Please refer to our subsequent study [22] for more details.

## Vii Conclusions

In this paper, we have investigated the non-fading and Rayleigh fading ad hoc networks. In particular for the non-fading case, we have derived the Laplace transform of the inverted SINR, which is unfortunately complicated and of limited use. Therefore, we have also proposed upper and lower bounds for the SIR distribution and given the closed-form expressions. The results have then been used to obtain the bounds for both the average Shannon and outage rates. Similarly for Rayleigh fading and partial fading ad hoc networks, we have derived the bounds for the SIR distribution, average Shannon rate, and outage rate of the system. Since many communication networks can be modeled or reduced to these two ad hoc networks, our results are potentially useful for a wide range of problems. As an example, we have shown that our results can be applied to study and compare the performance of two 5G communication technologies, i.e., massive MIMO and small-cell densification.

## Appendix A Proof of Theorem 1

We first derive the Laplace transform of the random variable given as follows.

 L1/Qn-fd(s|d1=x)=EΦ[e−sQn-fd] =EΦ[exp(−sxμ∞∑k=2d−μk−sxμδ)] =e−sxμδEΦ[∞∏k=2e−sxμd−μk] (a)=e−sxμδexp{−∫∞x(1−e−sxμr−μ)2πλrdr} (b)=e−sxμδexp{−πλx2(1−e−s) +πλμsxμ∫∞xr−μ+1e−sxμr−μdr} (c)=e−sxμδexp{−πλx2(1−e−s) −πλsxμ∫x−μ0v−2/μe−sxμvdv} (d)=e−sxμδexp{−πλx2(1−e−s)−πλs2/μx2γ(1−2/μ,s)}, (34)

where , , , is due to the Campbell’s theorem [12], the integration by part, the change of variable , and [26, (3.351.1)], respectively. Here is the lower incomplete gamma function, defined as .

Now note that is the distance from an arbitrary origin to the nearest point of the PPP with density . Therefore, the PDF of is given as [15] [27]

 fD1(x)=2πλxe−πλx2. (35)

The Laplace transform of is thus expressed as

 L1/Qn-fd(s) =∫∞0LQn-fd(s|d1=x)fD1(x)dx =2πλ∫∞0xexp{−sxμδ −πλx2[2−e−s+s2/μγ(1−2μ,s)]}dx (e)=πλ∫∞0exp{−syμ/2δ −πλy[2−e−s+s2/μγ(1−2μ,s)]}dy, (36)

where is due to the change of variable .

This concludes the proof of Theorem 1.

## Appendix B Proof of Lemma 1

### B-a Lower Bound

Considering and the second smallest distance only, we have

 FQn-fd(q|d1=x) ≥Pr{d2≤xq1/μ|d1=x} (a)=∫xq1/μx2πλte−πλ(t2−x2)dt =1−e−πλ(q2/μ−1)x2, (37)

where is due to [27, (28)]. The PDF of follows (35), which thus leads to

 FLBQn-fd(q)=∫∞0FLBQn-fd(q|d1=x)fD1(x)dx =∫∞0(1−e−λπ(q2/μ−1)x2)2πλxe−πλx2dx=1−1q2/μ. (38)

### B-B Upper Bound

Assuming that and is an arbitrary parameter, we now apply the dominant-interferer concept [13]. The idea is to partition the set of interferers into dominating and non-dominating points, in which a point is called dominating if it alone can cause outage at the UE. The sets of dominating and non-dominating interferers, denoted as and , respectively, are defined as follows

 Sdom ={k:k≥2,dk≤(ξq)1/μd1}, Sn-dom ={k:k≥2,dk>(ξq)1/μd1}. (39)

For ease of representation, we also define and . Note that

 ˆQn-fd≜d−μ1∑k∈Sdomξd−μk+∑k∈Sn-domd−μk ≤d−μ1∑k∈S% domd−μk+∑k∈Sn-domd−μk=Q%n−fd. (40)

We thus have

 FQn-fd(q)≤Pr{ˆQn-% fd≤q}≜FUBQn-fd(q). (41)

Given that , we have

 Pr{ˆQn-fd≤q|d1=x} =Pr{{Σdom≥1q}∪{Σn-dom≥1q} ∪{Σdom<1q,Σn-% dom<1q,Σdom+Σn-dom≥1q}∣∣d1=x} (b)=Pr{Σdom≥1q∣∣d1=x}+Pr{Σn-dom≥1q∣∣d1=x} −Pr{Σdom≥1q∣∣d1=x}Pr{Σn-dom≥1q∣∣d1=x} =Pr{Σdom≥1q∣∣d1=x}+(1−Pr{Σdom≥1q∣∣d1=x}) ×Pr{Σn-dom≥1q∣∣d1=x}, (42)

where is due to the fact that the event is null; is because of the independent of and . From (B-A), we obtain

 Pr{Σdom≥1q∣∣d1=x} =Pr{d2≤x(ξq)1/μ|d1=x} =1−e−πλ((ξq)2/μ−1)x2. (43)

Furthermore, we have

 Pr{Σn-dom≥1q∣∣d1=x}(c)≤qEΦ[ˆΣn-% dom|d1=x], (44)

where is due to the Markov inequality . Now by applying Campbell’s theorem, we further obtain

 EΦ[Σn-dom|d1=x]=EΦ⎡⎢⎣xμ∑k∈Sn-domd−μk⎤⎥⎦ =xμ∫∞(ξq)1/μxv−μ2πλvdv=2πλx2(ξq)2/μ−1μ−2. (45)

Substituting (B-B) and (B-B) to (44), the upper bound given that is expressed as follows

 +e−λπ((ξq)2/μ−1)x22πλx2ξ2/μ−1q2/μμ−2, (46)

and consequently we have

 FUBQn-fd(q)=∫∞0FUBQn-fd(q|d1=x)fD1(x)dx =2πλ∫∞0(1−e−λπ((ξq)2/μ−1)x2)xe−πλx2dx +(2πλ)2ξ2/μ−1q2/μμ−2∫∞0x3e−πλ(ξq)2/μx2dx (e)=1−1(ξq)2/μ+2ξ2/μ−1q2/μμ−21(ξq)4/μ =1−(μ−2)ξ−2(μ−2)ξ1+2/μ1q2/μ, (47)

where is due to (B-A) and [26, (3.321.6)]. The final step is to find the maximum of given that . The optimal is . The result is (6).

This completes the proof of Lemma 1.

## Appendix C Proof of Lemma 2

Using the Markov inequality, we first have

 FQn-fd(q|d1=x) =Pr{Q−1n-fd≥q−1|d1=x} ≤qEΦ[Q−1n-fd|d1=x]=EΦ[xμ∑k≥2d−μk] =qxμ∫∞xv−μ2