Stability in logarithmic Sobolev and related interpolation inequalities

Stability results for logarithmic Sobolev and Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities

Abstract

This paper is devoted to improvements of functional inequalities based on scalings and written in terms of relative entropies. When scales are taken into account and second moments fixed accordingly, deficit functionals provide explicit stability measurements, i.e., bound with explicit constants distances to the manifold of optimal functions. Various results are obtained for the Gaussian logarithmic Sobolev inequality and its Euclidean counterpart, for the Gaussian generalized Poincaré inequalities and for the Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities. As a consequence, faster convergence rates in diffusion equations (fast diffusion, Ornstein-Uhlenbeck and porous medium equations) are obtained.

\abbrevauthor

Dolbeault, J., and Toscani, G. \headabbrevauthorJ. Dolbeault and G. Toscani

Keywords: Sobolev inequality; logarithmic Sobolev inequality; Gaussian isoperimetric inequality; generalized Poincaré inequalities; Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities; interpolation; entropy – entropy production inequalities; extremal functions; optimal constants; relative entropy; generalized Fisher information; entropy power; stability; improved functional inequalities; fast diffusion equation; Ornstein-Uhlenbeck equation; porous medium equation; rates of convergence

Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 26D10; 46E35; 58E35

1 Introduction

Several papers have recently been devoted to improvements of the logarithmic Sobolev inequality. Ledoux et al. [2014] use the Stein discrepancy. Closer to our approach is Bobkov et al. [2014], Fathi et al. [2014], who exploit the difference between the inequality of [Stam, 1959, Inequality (2.3)] and the logarithmic Sobolev inequality to get a correction term in terms of the Fisher information functional. What we do here first is to emphasize the role of scalings and prefer to rely on Weissler [1978] for a scale invariant form of the logarithmic Sobolev inequality on the Euclidean space. We also make the choice to get a remainder term that involves the entropy functional and is very appropriate for stability issues. This allows us to deduce striking results in terms of rates of convergence for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck equation. Writing the improvement in terms of the entropy has several advantages: contraints on the second moment are made clear, improvements can be extended to all generalized Poincaré inequalities for Gaussian measures, which interpolate between the Poincaré inequality and the logarithmic Sobolev inequality, and stability results with fully explicit constants can be stated: see for instance Corollary 3, with an explicit bound of the distance to the manifold of all Gaussian functions given in terms of the so-called deficit functional. This is, for the logarithmic Sobolev inequality, the exact analogue of the result of Bianchi and Egnell [1991] for Sobolev’s inequality.

However, putting the emphasis on scalings has other advantages, as the method easily extends to a nonlinear setting. We are henceforth in a position to get improved entropy – entropy production inequalities associated with fast diffusion flows based on the scale invariant forms of the associated Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities, which cover a well-known family of inequalities that contain the logarithmic Sobolev inequality, and Sobolev’s inequality as an endpoint. This is not a complete surprise because such improvements were known from Dolbeault and Toscani [2013] using detailed properties of the fast diffusion equation. By writing the entropy – entropy production inequality in terms of the relative entropy functional and a generalized Fisher information, we deduce from the scaling properties of Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities a correction term involving the square of the relative entropy, and this is much simpler than using the properties of the nonlinear flow. The method also works in the porous medium case, which is new, provides clear evidences on the role of the second moment, and finally explains the fast rates of convergence in relative entropy that can be observed in the initial regime, away from Barenblatt equilibrium or self-similar states.

The reader interested in further considerations on improvements of the logarithmic Sobolev inequality is invited to refer to Ledoux et al. [2014] and Bobkov et al. [2014], Fathi et al. [2014] for probabilistic point of view and a measure of the defect in terms of Wasserstein’s distance, and to Ledoux [2001] for earlier results. Much more can also be found in Bakry et al. [2014]. Not all Gagliardo-Nirenberg-Sobolev inequalities are covered by our remarks and we shall refer to Carlen et al. [2014] and references therein for the spectral point of view and its applications to the Schrödinger operator. The logarithmic Sobolev inequality in scale invariant form is equivalent to the Gaussian isoperimetric inequality: a study of the corresponding deficit can be found in Mossel and Neeman [2014]. In the perspective of information theory, we refer to Toscani [2013, 2014a] for a recent account on a concavity property of entropy powers that involves the isoperimetric inequality. It is not possible to quote all earlier related contributions but at least let us point two of them: the correction to the logarithmic Sobolev inequality by an entropy term involving the Wiener transform in [Carlen, 1991, Theorem 6], and the HWI inequality by Otto and Villani [2000].

Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities (see Gagliardo [1958], Nirenberg [1959]) have been related with fast diffusion or porous media equations in the framework of the so-called entropy methods by Del Pino and Dolbeault [2002]. Also see the papers by Carrillo and Toscani [2000], Otto [2001], Carrillo and Vázquez [2003] for closely related issues. The message is simple: optimal rates of convergence measured in relative entropy are equivalent to best constant in the inequalities written in entropy – entropy production form. Later improvements have been obtained on asymptotic rates of convergence by Blanchet et al. [2009], Bonforte et al. [2010], Dolbeault and Toscani [2011], Denzler et al. [2015]. A key observation of Dolbeault and Toscani [2011] is the fact that optimizing a relative entropy with respect to scales determines the second moment. This observation was then exploited by Dolbeault and Toscani [2013] to get a first explicit improvement in the framework of Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities. Notice that many papers on improved interpolation inequalities use the estimate of Bianchi and Egnell [1991] with the major drawback that the value of the constant is not known. As a consequence the improved inequality, faster convergence rates for the solution to the fast diffusion equation were obtained and a new phenomenon, a delay, was shown by Dolbeault and Toscani [2015a]. Inspired by Villani [2000], Savaré and Toscani [2014] studied the -th Rényi entropy and observed that the corresponding isoperimetric inequality is a Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequality in scale invariant form. Various consequences for the solutions to the evolution equations have been drawn in Carrillo and Toscani [2014] and Dolbeault and Toscani [2015b], which are strongly related with the present paper but can all be summarized in a simple sentence: scales are important and a better adjustment than the one given by the asymptotic regime gives sharper estimates. The counterpart in the present paper is that taking into account the scale invariant form of the inequality automatically improves on the inequality obtained by a simple entropy – entropy production method. Let us give some explanations.

At a formal level, the strategy of our paper goes as follows. Let us consider a generalized entropy functional , which is assumed to be nonnegative, and a generalized Fisher information functional . We further assume that they are related by a functional inequality of the form

 I−λE≥0.

We denote by the optimal proportionality constant. If the inequality is not in scale invariant form, we will prove in various cases that there exists a convex function , leaving from with such that . Hence we have found an improved functional inequality in the sense that

 I−λE≥φ(E)−λE=ψ(E)

where is nonnegative and can be used to measure the distance to the optimal functions. This is a stability result. The left hand side, which is called the deficit functional in the literature, is now controlled from below by a nonlinear function of the entropy functional. A precise distance can be obtained by the Pinsker-Csiszár-Kullback inequality, which is no more than a Taylor expansion at order two, and some generalizations.The key observation is that the optimization under scaling (in the Euclidean space) amounts to adjust the second moment (in the Euclidean space but also in spaces with finite measure, like the Gaussian measure, after some changes of variables).

At this point it is worth to emphasize the difference in our approach compared to the one of Bobkov et al. [2014] for the logarithmic Sobolev inequality. What the authors do is that they write the improved inequality as and deduce that

 Extra open brace or missing close brace

where the right hand side is again nonnegative because is concave and . This is of course a stronger form of the inequality, as it controls the distance to the manifold of optimal functions in a stronger norm, for instance. However, it is to a large extend useless for the applications that are presented in this paper, as the estimate in terms of the entropy is what matters, for instance, for application in evolution equations.

We shall apply our strategy to the logarithmic Sobolev inequality in Section 2, to the generalized Poincaré inequalities for Gaussian measures in Section 3 and to some Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities in Section 4. Each of these inequalities can be established by the entropy – entropy production method. By considering the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck equation in the first two cases, and the fast diffusion / porous medium equation in the third case, it turns out that and

 −ddt(I−λE)=R≥0.

Hence, if , this shows with no additional assumption that is a measure of the distance to the optimal functions. Improved functional inequalities follow by ODE techniques if one is able to relate with and . This is the method which has been implemented for instance in Arnold and Dolbeault [2005], Dolbeault et al. [2008], Dolbeault and Toscani [2013] and it is well adapted when the diffusion equation can be seen as the gradient flow of with respect to a distance. Typical distances are the Wasserstein distance for the logarithmic Sobolev inequality or the Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities, and ad hoc distances in case of the generalized Poincaré inequalities. See Jordan et al. [1998], Otto [2001], Dolbeault et al. [2009, 2012] for more details on gradient flow issues. Improvements can also be obtained when differs from : we refer to Demange [2008], Dolbeault et al. [2014] for interpolation inequalities on compact manifolds, or to Dolbeault and Jankowiak [2014] for improvements of Sobolev’s inequality based on the Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev functional. This makes the link with the famous improvement obtained by Bianchi and Egnell [1991], and also Cianchi et al. [2009], but so far no entropy – entropy production method has been able to provide an improvement in such a critical case. For completeness, let us mention that other methods can be used to obtain improved inequalities, which are based on variational methods like in Bianchi and Egnell [1991], on symmetrization techniques like in Cianchi et al. [2009] or on spectral methods connected with heat flows like in Arnold et al. [2007]. Here we shall simply rely on convexity estimates and the interplay of entropy – entropy production inequalities with their scale invariant counterparts.

A very interesting feature of improved functional inequalities in the framework of the entropy – entropy production method is that the entropy decays faster than expected by considering only the asymptotic regime. In that sense, the improved inequality capture an initial rate of convergence which is faster than the asymptotic one. This has already been observed for fast diffusion equations in Dolbeault and Toscani [2013] with a phenomenon of delay that has been studied in Dolbeault and Toscani [2015a] and by Carrillo and Toscani [2014], by resorting to the concept of Rényi entropy. A remarkable fact is that the inequality is improved by choosing a scale (in practice by imposing a constraint on the second moment) without requesting anything on the first moment, again something that clearly distinguishes the improvements obtained here from what can be guessed by looking at the asymptotic problem as . Details and statements on these consequences for diffusion equations have been collected in Section 5.

2 Stability results for the logarithmic Sobolev inequality

Let be the normalized Gaussian measure, with , on the Euclidean space with . The Gaussian logarithmic Sobolev inequality reads

 ∫Rd|∇u|2dμ≥12∫Rd|u|2log|u|2dμ (1)

for any function such that . This inequality is equivalent to the Euclidean logarithmic Sobolev inequality in scale invariant form

 d2log(2πde∫Rd|∇w|2dx)≥∫Rd|w|2log|w|2dx (2)

that can be found in [Weissler, 1978, Theorem 2] in the framework of scalings, but is also the one that can be found in [Stam, 1959, Inequality (2.3)] or in [Carlen, 1991, Inequality (26)]. See Bobkov et al. [2014], Fathi et al. [2014] and Toscani [2014b] for more comments. The equivalence of (1) and (2) is well known but involves some scalings and we will give a short proof below for completeness. Next, let us consider the function

 φ(t):=d4[exp(2td)−1−2td]∀t∈R. (3)

Our first result is an improvement of (1), based on the comparison of (1) with (2), which combines ideas of Bakry and Ledoux [2006] and Fathi et al. [2014]. It goes as follows.

Proposition 1

With defined by (3), we have

 ∫Rd|∇u|2dμ−12∫Rd|u|2log|u|2dμ≥φ(∫Rd|u|2log|u|2dμ)∀u∈H1(Rd,dμ)such% that∫Rd|u|2dμ=1and∫Rd|x|2|u|2dμ=d. (4)

Inequality (4) is an improvement of (1) because for any and, by the Pinsker-Csiszár-Kullback inequality,

 ∫Rd|u|2log|u|2dμ≥14(∫Rd∣∣|u|2−1∣∣dμ)2∀u∈L2(Rd,dμ)such that∥u∥L2(Rd,dμ)=1.

See Pinsker [1964], Csiszár [1967], Kullback [1968] for a proof of this inequality. {proof} To emphasize the role of scalings, let us give a proof of Proposition 1, which follows the strategy of [Bakry and Ledoux, 2006, Proposition 2, p. 694].

As a preliminary step, we recover the scale invariant, Euclidean, version of the logarithmic Sobolev inequality from (1). Let . We observe that and . With one integration by parts, we get that

 ∫Rd|∇v|2dx≥12∫Rd|v|2log|v|2dx+d4log(2πe2) (5)

which is the standard Euclidean logarithmic Sobolev inequality established in Gross [1975] (also see Federbush [1969] for an earlier related result). This inequality is not invariant under scaling. By considering such that , we get that

 λ2∫Rd|∇w|2dx−d2logλ≥12∫Rd|w|2log|w|2dx+d4log(2πe2).

holds for any such that . An optimization on the scaling parameter shows that and establishes the scale invariant form of the logarithmic Sobolev inequality,

 d2log(2πde∫Rd|∇w|2dx)≥∫Rd|w|2log|w|2dx∀w∈H1(Rd,dx)such that∥w∥L2(Rd)=1, (6)

which is equivalent to (2). This inequality can also be written as

 ∫Rd|∇w|2dx≥12πdeexp(2d∫Rd|w|2log|w|2dx).

If we redefine such that and assume that , , we have shown that

 ∫Rd|∇u|2dμ≥d4[exp(2d∫Rd|u|2log|u|2dμ)−1]. (7)

Inequality (4) follows by substracting from both sides of the inequality, which is more or less the idea that has been exploited by Fathi et al. [2014].

Consider a nonnegative function and, assuming that , define

 Mf:=∫Rdfdx,θf:=1d∫Rd|x|2fdxMf. (8)

Let us define the Gaussian function

 μf(x):=Mf(2πθf)d/2e−|x|22θf∀x∈Rd.

We shall denote by the space of integrable functions on with finite second moment.

Lemma 2

Assume that is a nontrivial, nonnegative function in such that . With , and defined by (3) and (8), we have

 θf2∫Rd|∇f|2fdx−∫Rdflogfdx−d2log(2πe2θf)∫Rdfdx≥2φ[∫Rdflog(fμf)dx]. (9)
{proof}

Let be such that with , , and apply Proposition 1.

The Gaussian function is the minimizer of the relative entropy

 e[f|μ]:=∫Rd[flog(fμ)−(f−μ)]dx

w.r.t. all Gaussian functions in

 M:={μ(x)=M(2πθ)d/2:e−|x|22θ,M>0,θ>0},

that is, we have the identity

 ∫Rdflog(fμf)dx=e[f|μf]=min{e[f|μ]:μ∈M}.

Also notice that is the minimizer of the relative Fisher information w.r.t. all Gaussian functions of mass :

 ∫Rd∣∣∇√f/μf∣∣2dx=min{∫Rd∣∣∇√f/μ∣∣2dx:μ(x)=Mf(2πθ)d/2e−|x|22θ,θ>0}.

Recall that by the Pinsker-Csiszár-Kullback inequality, the r.h.s. in (9) provides an explicit stability result in that can be written as

 e[f|μf]≥14Mf∥f−μf∥2L1(Rd)∀f∈L1+(Rd,dx).

Combined with the observation that is nondecreasing and for any , we have shown the following global stability result.

Corollary 3

Assume that is a nontrivial, nonnegative function in such that . With , and defined by (3) and (8), we have

 θf2∫Rd|∇f|2fdx−∫Rdflogfdx−d2log(2πe2θf)∫Rdfdx≥2minμ∈Mφ(e[f|μ])=2φ(e[f|μf])≥∥f−μf∥4L1(Rd)16M2f.

3 An improved version of the generalized Poincaré inequalities for Gaussian measures

We consider the inequalities introduced by W. Beckner in [Beckner, 1989, theorem 1]. If , then for any we have

 ∥u∥2L2(Rd,dμ)−∥u∥2Lp(Rd,dμ)≤(2−p)∥∇u∥2L2(Rd,dμ)∀u∈H1(Rd,dμ). (10)

These inequalities interpolate between the Poincaré inequality ( case) and the logarithmic Sobolev inequality, which is achieved by dividing both sides of the inequality by and passing to the limit as . Some improvements were obtained already obtained in Arnold and Dolbeault [2005], Arnold et al. [2007], Bartier and Dolbeault [2006]. What we gain here is that the improvement takes place also in the limit case as and is consistent with the results of Proposition 1.

Let us define

 φp(x):=d4[(1−x)−2pd(2−p)−1]∀x∈[0,1].
Corollary 4

Assume that is such that . With the above notation, for any we have

 ∫Rd|∇u|2dμ≥∥u∥2L2(Rd,dμ)φp⎛⎜⎝∥u∥2L2(Rd,dμ)−∥u∥2Lp(Rd,dμ)∥u∥2L2(Rd,dμ)⎞⎟⎠. (11)

By homogeneity we can assume that . The reader is invited to check that

 limp→2φp(1−∥u∥2Lp(Rd,dμ))=d4(e2dE[u]−1)whereE[u]:=∫Rd|u|2∥u∥2L2(Rd,dμ)log⎛⎜⎝|u|2∥u∥2L2(Rd,dμ)⎞⎟⎠dμ.

The proof of Corollary 4 is a straightforward consequence of (7) and of the following estimate.

Lemma 5

For any and any function , we have

 ∥u∥2L2(Rd,dμ)∥u∥2Lp(Rd,dμ)≤exp(2−ppE[u])

and, as a consequence, for any such that , we obtain

 ∥u∥2L2(Rd,dμ)−∥u∥2Lp(Rd,dμ)≤2−pp∫Rd|u|2log|u|2dμ. (12)
{proof}

The proof relies on an idea that can be found in Latała and Oleszkiewicz [2000] and goes as follows. Let us consider the function

 k(s):=slog(∫Rdu2sdμ).

Derivatives are such that

 12k′(s)=log(∫Rdu2sdμ)−1s∫Rdu2slogudμ∫Rdu2sdμ, s34(∫Rdu2sdμ)2k′′(s)=∫Rdu2sdμ∫Rdu2s|logu|2dμ−(∫Rdloguu2sdμ)2,

hence proving that is convex by the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. As a consequence we get that

 k′(1)≤k(s)−k(1)s−1∀s>1.

Applied with , this proves that

 −∫Rd|u|2log⎛⎜⎝|u|2∥u∥2L2(Rd,dμ)⎞⎟⎠dμ≤p2−p∥u∥2L2(Rd,dμ)log⎛⎜⎝∥u∥2Lp(Rd,dμ)∥u∥2L2(Rd,dμ)⎞⎟⎠,

from which we deduce the second inequality in (12) after observing that .

The result of Corollary 4 deserves a comment. As , , so that we do not recover the optimal constant in (10) in the asymptotic regime corresponding to , that is when approaches a constant, because of the factor . On the other hand, (11) is a strict improvement compared to (10) as soon as where is the unique solution to in . Let be the function defined by

 Φp(x)=φp(x)ifx∈(0,x⋆(p)),Φp(x)=x2−pifx∈[x⋆(p),1]. (13)

Collecting these estimates of (10) and (11), we can write that

 ∫Rd|∇u|2dμ≥∥u∥2L2(Rd,dμ)Φp⎛⎜⎝∥u∥2L2(Rd,dμ)−∥u∥2Lp(Rd,dμ)∥u∥2L2(Rd,dμ)⎞⎟⎠

for any function such that . This is an improvement with respect to (10) because , with a strict inequality if .

The right hand side in (11) controls the distance to the constants. Indeed, using for instance Hölder’s estimates, it is easy to check that

 ∥u∥2L2(Rd,dμ)−∥u∥2Lp(Rd,dμ)≥∥u∥2L2(Rd,dμ)−∥u∥2L1(Rd,dμ)=∫Rd|u−¯¯¯u|2dμ

with . Sharper estimates based for instance on variants of the Pinsker-Csiszár-Kullback inequality can be found in Cáceres et al. [2002], Bartier et al. [2007].

4 Stability results for some Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities

4.1 A first case: q>1

We study the case of Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities

 ∥∇w∥ϑL2(Rd)∥w∥1−ϑLq+1(Rd)≥CGN∥w∥L2q(Rd) (14)

with . The value of the optimal constant has been established in Del Pino and Dolbeault [2002] (also see Gunson [1991] for an earlier but partial contribution).

Let us start with some elementary observations on convexity. Consider two positive constants and . Let us define

 ζ=ba+b,κ=(ab)ζ+(ba)1−ζ=a+ba1−ζbζ.

Next let us take three positive numbers, , , and such that and consider the function

 h(λ)=λaA+λ−bB−κC.

The function reaches its minimum at and it is straightforward to check that

 h(1)≥infλ>0h(λ)=h(λ∗)=κ(AζB1−ζ−C).

This computation determines the choice of . Using the assumption , we get the estimate

 A+B−κC≥C1ζB1−1ζ+B−κC=φ(B∗−B)

where

 B∗:=C(1−ζζ)ζ

and

 φ(s):=C1ζ[(B∗−s)1−1ζ−B1−1ζ∗]−s. (15)

 κC=B∗+C1ζB1−1ζ∗.

Note that is a nonnegative strictly convex function such that and for any .

We apply these preliminary computations with

 a=dq−(d−2),b=dq−12q A=14(q2−1)∫Rd|∇w|2dx,B=β∫Rd|w|q+1dx,β=2qq−1−d C=(14(q2−1))ζβ1−ζ(CGN∥w∥L2q(Rd))α,α=q+1−ζ(q−1)

for any . With , the functional

 J[w]:=14(q2−1)∫Rd|∇w|2dx+β∫Rd|w|q+1dx−KCαGN(∫Rd|w|2qdx)α2q

is nonnegative and achieves its minimum at . Hence we have that

 J[w]≥J[w∗]=0

and this inequality is equivalent to (14), after an optimization under scaling. Notice that .

Theorem 6

With the above notations and given by (15), we have

 J[w]≥φ[β(∫Rd|w∗|q+1dx−∫Rd|w|q+1dx)] (16)

for any such that and .

{proof}

The reader is invited to check that, with the above notations,

 B∗−B=β(∫Rd|w∗|q+1dx−∫Rd|w|q+1dx).

As a last remark in this section, let us observe that the logarithmic Sobolev inequality appears as a limit case of the entropy – entropy production inequality, and that (2) is also obtained by taking the limit as in Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities in (14): see Del Pino and Dolbeault [2002] for details. Also, when , the convexity of is lost as , which corresponds to Sobolev’s inequality. This shows the consistancy of our method.

4.2 A second case: q<1

Now we study the case of Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities

 ∥∇w∥ϑL2(Rd)∥w∥1−ϑL2q(Rd)≥CGN∥w∥Lq+1(Rd) (17)

with , and we denote by the quantity for any , even for (in that case, it is only a semi-norm).

Our elementary estimates have to be adapted. Consider two positive constants and , with . Let us define

 η=ba−b,κ=(ba)η−(ba)1+η=a−bb−ηa1+η.

Next let us take three positive numbers, , , and such that and consider the function

 h(λ)=λaA−λbB+κC.

The function reaches its minimum at and it is straightforward to check that

 h(λ)≥h(λ∗)=κ(C−A−ηB1+η).

Using the assumption , we get the estimate

 A−B+κC≥C−1ηB1+1η−B+κC=φ(B−B∗)

where

 B∗:=C(η1+η)η

and

 φ(s)=C−1η[(B∗+s)1+1η−B1+1η∗]−s (18)

is a nonnegative strictly convex function such that and for any .

We apply these preliminary computations with

 a=dq−(d−2),b=d1−q2q A=14(q2−1)∫Rd|∇w|2dx,B=β∫Rd|w|q+1dx,β=2q1−q+d C=(14(q2−1))−ηβ1+η(CGN)−(q+1)(1+η)∥w∥αL2q(Rd),α=q+1+η(q−1)

for any . With , the functional

 J[w]:=14(q2−1)∫Rd|∇w|2dx−β∫Rd|w|q+1dx+K(CGN)−(q+1)(1+η)(∫Rd|w|2qdx)α2q

is nonnegative and achieves its minimum at . Hence we have that

 J[w]≥J[w∗]=0

and this inequality is equivalent to (17), after an optimization under scaling. Notice that .

Theorem 7

With the above notations and given by (18), we have

 J[w]≥φ[β(∫Rd|w|q+1dx−∫Rd|w∗