Quantum metrology: Heisenberg limit with bound entanglement

# Quantum metrology: Heisenberg limit with bound entanglement

Ł. Czekaj Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Gdańsk, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland National Quantum Information Centre in Gdańsk, 81-824 Sopot, Poland    A. Przysiężna Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Gdańsk, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland    M. Horodecki Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Gdańsk, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland National Quantum Information Centre in Gdańsk, 81-824 Sopot, Poland    P. Horodecki Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland National Quantum Information Centre in Gdańsk, 81-824 Sopot, Poland
###### Abstract

Quantum metrology allows for a huge boost in the precision of parameters estimation. However, it seems to be extremely sensitive on the noise. Bound entangled states are states with large amount of noise what makes them unusable for almost all quantum informational tasks. Here we provide a counterintuitive example of a family of bound entangled states which can be used in quantum enhanced metrology. We show that these states give advantage as big as maximally entangled states and asymptotically reach the Heisenberg limit. Moreover, entanglement of the applied states is very weak which is reflected by its so called unlockability poperty. Finally, we find instances where behaviour of Quantum Fisher Information reports presence of bound entanglement while a well-known class of strong correlation Bell inequality does not. The question rises of whether (and if so, then to what degree) violation of local realism is required for the sub-shot noise precision in quantum metrology.

Introduction. Estimation of a physical parameter is an important goal in many areas of science Advances (). One of intriguing aspects of quantum mechanics in this context is quantum metrology. In its most popular form quantum metrology has its origins in atomic spectroscopy Bollinger (); Huelga (), however, the idea was present even earlier on the ground of fermionic systems Yurke () and - from different perspective - quantum optical interferometry Caves () (for recent development along this line see Benatti () and references therein). General search for possible improvement of estimation precision is also of great importance in the domain of atomic clocks Buzek () and in interferometric measurement of a phase shift in gravitational wave detection LIGO (). Since there are many quantities we cannot measure directly, a protocol of a measurement is typically indirect - we use an additional probe system to interact with the one under investigation. Due to the interaction the probe gains information about the parameter we want to measure. Then we inspect the probe coming out from the measurement and, basing on obtained data, we estimate the desired parameter. Obviously, we want to obtain the highest possible accuracy of that estimation. We can improve the accuracy repeating the experiment multiple times or, equivalently, make multipartite probe to interact with the system.

In the quantum world there is another possibility of increasing the accuracy: prepare the probe in a particular quantum state i.e. in the entangled state. To be more concrete, for a classical probe that contains particles (we can also consider it as a measurement performed times) accuracy scales like . That is so called Shot-Noise Limit (SNL). However, if the system is in particular entangled state, then accuracy can be improved up to . This limit, called Heisenberg Limit (HL) gives us the best what we can get that is allowed by quantum mechanics. Both of these bounds can be derived from quantum Cramer-Rao bound and Quantum Fisher information (QFI) QFI_review (); QFI1 (); QFI2 (); QFI3 (); QFI4 (). Recently it has been shown DD () that local (memoryless) noise puts the limit on the accuracy offering only linear improvement of precision if compared to the shot-noise limit. The above, however, does not nullifies all possible advantages of the phenomenon. First, there is an extra option to filter out some part of noise with help of dedicated error correction schemes (see QErrorMetrology1 (); QErrorMetrology2 (); QErrorMetrology3 ()). Second, any measurement resulting in improvement below shot-noise limit is a signature of quantum entanglement in the system, that is quantum metrology technique may serve as a witness of genuine quantum correlations in the system. Indeed, how powerful it may we, we shall see below.

It is known that genuine multipartite quantum entanglement is necessary to surpass the SNL (see Toth ()), however not every entangled state gives the same improvement, and among entangled states there are also states that are not suitable for quantum metrology i.e. they do not surpass SNL. In particular quantum scaling is hard to obtain in case of entangled states with high noise factor (see DD ()) which we have to deal with in realistic experiments where decoherence and preparation errors are present.

States on which we focus in this paper belong to a group of states with such high noise factor that makes them unusable for most of the quantum information tasks. These highly mixed states are bound entangled (BE) states and were predicted in 1998 Distillation (); BE () as a new kind of entanglement. Bound entangled states are those from which no pure entanglement can be distilled when only local operations and classical communication (LOCC) are available. The sufficient condition for entangled state to be bound entangled is its positive partial transposition PPT1 (); PPT2 (). The bound entangled states, called "black holes" of quantum information Terhal1 (), have been created in laboratories in a series of experiments with ions, photons and nuclear spins. Among multipartite bound entangled states we distinguish unlockable and non-unlockable ones. Unlockable BE states are those, in which grouping some parties together and allowing them to perform collective quantum operations, makes distillation of pure entanglement between two other parties outside the group possible. Non-unlockable BE states are those in which we cannot obtain pure entangled state by these means. One may say that entanglement is "more bound" there.

Impossibility of pure entanglement distillation makes BE states (in particular non-unlockable ones) not useful for many quantum information and communication tasks such as quantum teleportation or dense coding. When it comes to quantum cryptography, on the one hand, it has been shown that BE states may be useful BoundCrypto (), on the other hand very recent results show that the resulting cryptographic key in some cases may be not suitable for quantum repeater schemes CryptographyRepeaters (). In case of metrology, no instance of usefulness of BE states was known so far. In Laskowski () the authors relate QFI and BE states and show that for certain BE states, averaged Fisher Information is higher than for separable states. However, even though the relation with averaged QFI was given, the usability of BE in case of standard formulation of quantum metrology (i.e. with known interaction between a system and a probe) remained an open question.

Our motivation here is the lack of knowladge which states are useful for the standard quantum metrology and which are not. Fitness of BE for purposes of quantum information theory (especially in the context of quantum information processing) is also not fully recognized yet. For these reasons we focus on the long-standing question "Do, among bound entangled states, there exist any examples that beat the shot-noise limit?". Intuition suggests that the high degree of noise of BE should be the reason of the negative answer. It is, in particular, especially tempting to expect such answer in classes of multiqubit states, the entanglement of which can not be unlocked.

Indeed, the well known fact that any qubit-qudit system violating positive partial transpose condition is free entangled has a immediate consequence for lockability of n-qubit systems: unlockable multiqubit bound entanglement must satisfy positivity partial transpose condition with respect to any single qubit. On the other hand, it is known that partial transpose has some relation to local time reversal. Since quantum metrology is about estimation of parameter with respect to speed of the evolution in time, it might be tempting to expect that this type of entanglement should be very hard or even impossible to exhibit metrology below shot-noise limit.

This intuition is, however, misleading. We investigate a class of mixed states that are GHZ-diagonal and present the first, to our knowledge, example of bound entangled states which have advantage over product states in metrology of phase shift around z-axis. What is more, in the discussed states, the entanglement cannot be unlocked. Our family of states exhibit an scaling (with ) of the QFI in the asymptotic limit. We compare QFI with multipartite Bell inequalities (as a tool of entanglement detection) and find that in some cases the sub-shot noise reports entanglement even when the well-known rich class of correlation Bell inequalities do not.

Quantum Fisher Information for GHZ-diagonal states. We consider a class of -qbit states that are diagonal in the generalized GHZ-basis:

 (1)

where for simplicity we assume that . States constitute superset of states studied in DCprl (); DCactivating (); DCclassification () in the context of separability and distillability conditions. By generalized GHZ-basis we mean:

 ∣∣ϕ±i⟩=1√2(|i⟩±∣∣¯i⟩), (2)

where for -qubit system . Here we put -digit binary representation of in and its negation in . Note that in the range of indices (i.e. ) the -digit binary representation of always starts with . For example, for -qubit system we have .

We study usefulness of states for quantum metrology in terms of Fisher Information (FI). FI quantifies the amount of information on unknown parameter that may be extracted by measurements. For a probe state which depend on the parameter and the positive-operator valued measurement (POVM) with elements and values , FI reads:

 F=∑μ1P(μ|θ)[∂θP(μ|θ)]2, (3)

where are conditional probabilities and POVM values estimate the parameter . FI gives a lower bound for a standard deviation of the estimator for fixed value of the parameter cramer_rao ():

 Δθest=√⟨(μ−θ)2⟩≥1√F. (4)

The maximum value of FI which may be achieved by measurement optimisation QFI1 (); QFI2 (); QFI3 (); QFI4 () is given by the quantity called Quantum Fisher Information (QFI). It depends only on the initial state of the probe system and a form of evolution which links estimated parameter and the final state of the probe system . In case of multipartite separable states, maximal value of QFI scales linearly with the system size (SNL). This is reflected by the separability condition for quantum Fisher information (see Laskowski ()), i.e. for any separable state , it holds:

 FQ(ρsep)≤n. (5)

On the contrary, the highest scaling i.e. quadratic one (HL) may be achieved only by entangled states . For more introduction see QFI_review ().

In this paper we discuss a setup where a phase shift around z-axis is estimated. Probe state undergo evolution according to where is a Hermitian generator of the form . Index denotes a qubit on which acts. In such case, QFI for the probe state is given by Braustein ():

 FQ=2∑i,j(λi−λj)2λi+λj∣∣⟨ϕi|Z∣∣ϕj⟩∣∣2. (6)

For the states of the form (1), this formula simplifies to:

 FQ=∑iw2i(λ+i−λ−i)2λ+i+λ−i, (7)

where is the difference between number of "0"s and "1"s in binary representation of (e.g. in -qubit system ,, etc.). This is easy to check when we observe that operator is diagonal in standard basis with . and that only nonzero terms are those with .

Bound entangled GHZ-diagonal states. Since here we are interested in bound entangled states, we derive criterion for a state to be BE.

###### Proposition 1.

A GHZ-diagonal state is unlockable bound entangled for every cut if its eigenvalues satisfy

 mini∈Ωj(λ+i+λ−i)≥∣∣λ+j−λ−j∣∣, (8)

for every , where

 Ωj={NOT2,3,...,n(j)}∪{NOTk(j)|k∈{1,2,...,n}}. (9)

is a negation on the -th bit of the binary representation of .

Before proving the above let us remind that the GHZ diagonal family has a diagonal-antidiagonal form and the partial transpose with respect to each qubit looks eminently simple here (see Fig. 1 for illustration).

Let us now proof the above Proposition.

###### Proof.

First we show that the state is PPT for every cut. GHZ-diagonal state written in the standard basis contains nonzero elements only on diagonal and antidiagonal: and . Partial transposition with respect to -qubit influences only antidiagonal elements (in the standard basis) of the density matrix such that

 λ+i−λ−i→λ+j−λ−j, (10)

where

 i={NOT2,3,...,n(j) if\ \ \ k=1,NOTk(j) elsewhere. (11)

The state after the transposition remains diagonal-antidiagonal and its eigenvalues are

 Λk±i=12[(λ+i+λ−i)±(λ+j−λ−j)]. (12)

They are positive when:

 λ+i+λ−i≥∣∣λ+j−λ−j∣∣. (13)

Finally state is PPT with respect to every 1-qubit partial transpositions when:

 mini∈Ωj(λ+i+λ−i)≥∣∣λ+j−λ−j∣∣, (14)

for what comes from condition (11). If the state is PPT for given cut, no entanglement can be distilled between these two parties. Since we put parties together in this cut, every collective quantum operation is allowed for this group. It is easy to see that this setup is less restrictive than unlocking protocol. That means that two particle entanglement can not be unlocked for any particles of the discussed states. ∎

The family of states. Here we introduce a subset of GHZ-diagonal states. It contains states that are BE and, as we show next, are useful for quantum metrology. The considered states are parameterized by two numbers: which is the number of qubits in the system, and that characterises the structure of the states as follows:

 ρn,k=λP+n,k+λ2(Q+n,k+Q−n,k) (15)

where the projector and with the linear factor following directly from the normalisation condition . Here the notation means just the number of ones in the binary representation of the number . For instance since the binary representation "1101" of the number contains three ones. The exemplary state with is presented below

 (16)

where and .

###### Proposition 2.

For any the state passes positive partial transpose test (PPT) with respect to local transposition on any single qubit system and, as such, it is bound entangled.

###### Proof.

To proof that is BE we have to show that it satisfies (8) for every (number of qubits) and (maximal number of ones in binary representation of indices associated to nonzero eigenvalues). From conditions (11) we can see that, for a given , contains numbers which binary representation have only three possible numbers of ones: , , . Let us discuss separately three different possibilities: a) or . In we can have only those with or . Therefore and and (8) is satisfied. b) or . Then in we have with . In there are satisfying . In both cases and and (8) is satisfied. c) or . In we can have only those with or . With at least one for which these inequalities are sharp. So and which also satisfy (8). With the above we have checked all the transposition for any given and seen that indeed the (8) is always satisfied which proofs that states are non-unlockable BE. ∎

It is easy to check that state is NPPT in the cuts for .

Scaling of Quantum Fisher Information. In case of the states under consideration, with the assumption , the equation for Quantum Fisher Information (7) takes the form:

 Fn,kQ=λk−1∑j=0(n−2j)2(nj). (17)

It simply comes from counting number of states with given . In picture 2 we show how QFI approaches limit of for and .

We see that if the does not grow with the usual shot-noise classical limit is kept. However the things dramatically change when we put dependence of on . In what follows, we shall utilise this fact proving the central result of the paper

###### Proposition 3.

Quantum Fisher Information given by equation (17) satisfies

 Fn,kQ≥(n−2k)2kn+1 (18)

for any n and . In particular putting () it follows the asymptotic behaviour

 limn→∞Fn,k(n)Qa(1−2a)n2≥1. (19)

The limit (19) immediately result from (18). Here we only derive (18) for the quantum Fisher information in the form (17):

###### Proof.

First, we bound the QFI from below:

 Fn,kQ = ∑k−1j=0(n−2j)2(nj)∑kj=0(nj) (20) ≥ (n−2k)2∑k−1j=0(nj)∑kj=0(nj)

Consider the last factor . One can estimate its inverse as follows:

 S−1n,k=∑kj=0(nj)∑k−1j=0(nj)=∑k−1j=0(nj)+(nk)∑k−1j=0(nj)= =1+(nk)∑k−1j=0(nj)≤1+(nk)(nk−1)=n+1k (21)

and hence the original factor satisfies from which the lower bound (18) immediately follows. ∎

Remark (exact form of the Heisenberg limit) . Optimising the denominator in the formula (19) gives . Hence, the Fisher information scales in this case not worse than . In the end, this results in an upper bound for the scaling of the measurement precision (4) by as apposed to its shot noise lower bound . Asymptotic behaviour of is illustrated in the picture 3 for three different values of .

The relationship to the Bell inequalities: sub-shot noise precision does not require violation of local realism? One of the fundamental features of quantum states caused by quantum entanglement is lack of local realism. It is known that some entangled states satisfy all Bell inequalities since the explicit hidden variable model can be constructed for them (see Werner () for some states with nonpositive partial transpose and Laskowski () for PPT states). This, however, does not follow automatically that the states are fully locally realistic. As it was shown recently Brunner_2 (), there exist entangled states, the nonlocality of which can be revealed only by using a sequence of measurements (i.e. when each party performs sequentially more than one measurement on the system, for formal definitions see sequential1 (); sequential2 (), it was formerly discussed in Refs. Popescu (); Gisin (). One of the fundamental open question of quantum physics is whether all entangled quantum states are nonlocal at least in the latter, weaker, sense.

Here we find that the the efficency of Fisher information separability test does not coincide with the efficiency of some strong Bell inequality tests. We have chosen the family of all -qubit-correlation Bell inequalities with settings per sides (see BruknerZL (), PaterekLZ ()), which can be written as the simple inequality

 C(n)(ρ)≤1 (22)

where is a special (optimised) function of the correlation tensor of the state (see Appendix). The above can be seen as a necessary condition for separability of any -qubit state. Remember that another necessary condition for separability of qubits is the shot-noise limit bound (5). We have calculated the upper bound (see Appendix) for the factor (22) for some states form the class or some states from the class . We obtained that for and and respectively from the set and , Fisher Information criterion outperform correlation Bell inequality condition (22), i.e. it detects entanglement while correlation condition indicate hidden variable model (see the Figure (4)for the details).

This is surprising since quantum metrology involves only two setting of binary Pauli observables per site. We believe that the possible power of QFI lies in its differential character. Indeed, the above observation suggests need of deep study of nonlocality in the context of metrology which was, to our knowledge, not pursued so far. In particular one of the questions that may be raised is possible role of metrology as a necessary condition for standard, or even weaker i.e. sequential, nonlocality. In fact it may happen that some of the presented states even allow for the general (not only finite number of settings, like here, but with continuum settings) single measurement hidden variable model, nevertheless exhibit sequential nonlocality. Metrology may be just a first signature of that.

Discussion and conclusions.-

We have shown by explicit construction that there exist bound entangled states that can be useful for quantum metrology and can reach the accuracy scaling exactly according to the Heisenberg limit. The result has been shown for a very noisy entanglement which is not only unlockable but even essentially weaker since as long as some qubit is kept as an elementary subsystem no collection of the remained qubits into groups can result in free entanglement.

The most natural question here is about the maximal value of the linear factor in the sub-shot noise limit for bound entanglement . We have found here that is not less than . The question is whether it can reach the optimal pure GHZ state value and only the speed of the convergence is an issue, or there is a threshold imposed on from bound entanglement property.

The character of the results opens new directions of possible research. The fact that Fisher information outperforms strong Bell inequalities as a multiparty entanglement witness naturally suggests need of further analysis of the interplay of the role of nonlocality in the sub-shot noise limit. The natural question (especially in the context of recent results on nonlocality Brunner_2 ()) to answer would be: is there any family of quantum states that allows for general LHV model, but can be used to obtain sub-shot noise (ie. better than classical) quantum metrology? It is related to another one (especially in context of both general requirements in quantum metrology Toth () as well as recent results on nonlocality Brunner_2 ()) whether there is any chance for sub-shot noise metrology for states obeying the PPT condition with respect to any cut? While the present result may be generalised to get the sub-shot noise metrology with bound entanglement having PPT property under arbitrary sublinear fraction of qubits, further improvement to PPT under any cut seems to be not possible for GHZ-diagonal states. We believe, however, that our result can be generalised to Dicke-type states, where possible chance for positive answer to the above question may be more likely.

Next important question that naturally arises - especially because of the unlockability property - is : What is the general role of error correction in case of metrology? In fact the noise can never be filtered out form bound entanglement and this is the reason why the corresponding binding entanglement channels are resistant to any error correction and have quantum capacity zero binding1 (), binding2 (). This is what makes the present result quite nonintuitive.

As a by-product, it seems that the phenomenon presented here may reopen the fundamental question of quantum computational tasks at a high noise rate even on the level of quantum correlations beyond entanglement JozsaLinden (). Indeed, as apposed to the quantum games theory based on ,,kinematical” aspects of quantum physics, quantum metrology exploits dynamics explicitly and, as such, may be closer to the perspective of quantum algorithmic tasks.

Acknowledgements. We thank Paweł Mazurek for numerous discussions at early stage of this project. This work is supported by ERC AdG QOLAPS and EC grant QUASAR. AP is supported by the International PhD Project “Physics of future quantum-based information technologies” grant MPD/2009-3/4 from Foundation for Polish Science and by the University of Gdańsk grant 538-5400-B169-13.

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## Appendix A Appendix

Correlation Bell inequalities . The necessary and sufficient condition for two-settings correlation Bell inequalities BruknerZukowski (); WernerWolf () (including the Mermin-Klyshko inequality MKBell ()) has been later extended then to necessary and sufficient condition for settings correlation Bell inequalities BruknerZL (), PaterekLZ (). The condition, is given by a specific formula for a correlation tensor in the form:

 C(n)(ρ)=max2∑k1,...kn=1T2k1...kn≤1 (23)

where and the maximum is taken over all possible sequences of pairs of orthogonal vectors . Quite remarkably the LHS of the above satisfies the condition

 C(n)≤||T||2HS=3∑k1,...kn=1T2k1...kn (24)

since the latter is a square of the Hilbert-Schmidt norm of the operator (representing the correlation part of the state ) which is – as any norm should be – invariant under representation in any orthonormal basis. Let us stress that the condition guarantees local hidden variable model for any results of binary measurements with settings. We have found the analytical formulas for the correlation tensor elements (they are complicated and will be analysed elsewhere). We have calculated the upper bound from (24) and it happens that for some specific states it is smaller than one despite the fact that quantum Fisher information detects its entanglement (see main text).

Sub-shot noise limit with much weaker bound entanglement. The following states:

 ρn,k,m=λ′P+n,k+λ′2m∑j=k(Q+n,j+Q−n,j) (25)

where satisfies PPT test for any cut with . The corresponding Fisher information is bounded by

 Fn,k,mQ≥(n−2k)2k(k+1)...(k+m)m(n−k)(n−k−1)...(n−(k+m)). (26)

Putting linear scaling of and sublinear scaling of (which makes the corresponding entanglement much weaker than that of previous states where only 1 qubit cuts obey PPT test) in the above leads to the sub-shot noise behaviour of the Fisher information .

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