QCD Axion Dark Matter with a Small Decay Constant

# QCD Axion Dark Matter with a Small Decay Constant

Raymond T. Co Leinweber Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA Theoretical Physics Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA    Lawrence J. Hall Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA Theoretical Physics Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA    Keisuke Harigaya Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA Theoretical Physics Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
July 12, 2019
###### Abstract

The QCD axion is a good dark matter candidate. The observed dark matter abundance can arise from misalignment or defect mechanisms, which generically require an axion decay constant GeV (or higher). We introduce a new cosmological origin for axion dark matter, parametric resonance from oscillations of the Peccei-Quinn symmetry breaking field, that requires GeV. The axions may be warm enough to give deviations from cold dark matter in Large Scale Structure.

preprint: LCTP-17-11

Introduction.—The absence of CP violation from QCD is a long-standing problem in particle physics tHooft:1976snw () and is elegantly solved by the Peccei-Quinn (PQ) mechanism Peccei:1977hh (); Peccei:1977ur () involving a spontaneously broken anomalous symmetry. The scheme predicts the existence of a light boson Weinberg:1977ma (); Wilczek:1977pj (), the axion, which is constrained by data to be extremely light and hence is stable on cosmological time scales and a dark matter candidate.

What cosmological production mechanism yields axions that account for dark matter? Axions produced from the thermal bath have too low an abundance to be dark matter, and are too hot. Two production mechanisms have been considered; both are IR mechanisms with axions produced near the QCD phase transition. While they depend on the PQ symmetry breaking scale, , they are insensitive to details of the UV axion theory and dynamics of the PQ phase transition.

i) Initially the axion is nearly massless, and takes a generic field value misaligned by angle from the vacuum value. Around the QCD phase transition the axion obtains a mass, and the energy density in the resulting oscillations account for the dark matter abundance Preskill:1982cy (); Abbott:1982af (); Dine:1982ah ()

 Ωah2|mis≃ 0.01θ2mis(fa1011 GeV)1.19. (1)

ii) When PQ symmetry is broken after inflation, cosmic strings are produced Kibble:1976sj (). Domain walls form between these strings around the QCD phase transition and, if the domain wall number is unity, the string-domain wall network is unstable and decays into axions Davis:1986xc (), yielding a dark matter density Kawasaki:2014sqa (); Klaer:2017ond ()

 Ωah2|string−DW≃ (2)

These mechanisms most naturally lead to axion dark matter for GeV, and the misalignment mechanism could also yield dark matter for larger as is reduced. However, axions are not expected to be dark matter for smaller  111The special cases for axion dark matter with lower are as follows. Refs. Turner:1985si (); Lyth:1991ub (); Visinelli:2009zm () study the anharmonicity effects of the axion cosine potential when is tuned to approach , requiring a small inflation scale to avoid quantum fluctuations. Refs. Hiramatsu:2010yn (); Hiramatsu:2012sc (); Kawasaki:2014sqa (); Ringwald:2015dsf () consider topological defects for a domain wall number larger than unity with an explicit PQ breaking, where a fine tuning is required to solve the strong CP problem..

In this letter we introduce a mechanism for UV production of dark matter axions from the early evolution of the PQ symmetry breaking field in a relatively flat potential. We assume has a large initial value, , e.g. from a negative Hubble induced mass during inflation Dine:1995uk (). After begins oscillating, parametric resonance Kofman:1994rk (); Kofman:1997yn () creates a huge number of axions, giving

 Ωah2≃0.1(Si1016 GeV)2(10 TeVmS,i)\scalebox1.01$12$109 GeVfa, (3)

where is the initial mass. Unlike (1) and (2), the abundance grows at low and sufficient dark matter can be obtained for . Several experimental efforts are ongoing for axions with small , including IAXO Vogel:2013bta (); Armengaud:2014gea () and TASTE Anastassopoulos:2017kag () for solar axions, and Orpheus Rybka:2014cya () and MADMAX TheMADMAXWorkingGroup:2016hpc () for halo axions. Helioscopes will explore the lower end of this range, and it is worth noting that our mechanism allows values of even below GeV, which are also consistent with the supernova bound Ellis:1987pk (); Raffelt:1987yt (); Turner:1987by (); Mayle:1987as (); Raffelt:2006cw () if there is a mild cancellation in the axion-nucleon coupling.

In our mechanism, axions are initially produced with momenta of order . After subsequent red-shifting, the axion velocity at a temperature of 1 eV is

 va|eV∼10−4×(mS,i106GeV)\scalebox1.01$12$fa109 GeV. (4)

For a sufficiently large , the axion is warm.

Axion production by oscillating PQ field.—The axion mass is Weinberg:1977ma ()

 ma=6 meV 109 GeVfa. (5)

The axion number density that explains the observed dark matter abundance, , is

 Ya0≡na0s≃70 fa109 GeV, (6)

where is the entropy density of the Universe. The required is much larger than thermal for all GeV, so axions must be produced non-thermally.

The radial direction of the PQ symmetry breaking field, which we call the saxion, , (following terminology of supersymmetric theories) is taken to have a large initial field value. As the Hubble scale becomes smaller than the saxion mass, the saxion begins to oscillate. The mass is generally dependent and differs from the vacuum value. For a wide range of potentials , the saxion yield is conserved with the initial value

 YS≡nSs∼YSi∼S2im1/2S,iM3/2Pl, (7)

in a radiation-dominated universe, where GeV. Suppose that this saxion yield is converted into axions, e.g. by decay. For , the dark matter axion yield of Eq. (6) results only if , requiring to be flat.

For a saxion to axion conversion rate , at an oscillation amplitude , the axion momentum is

 pa(T)s1/3≃0.5×mS∗(Γ∗MPl)1/2, (8)

assuming that axions are produced with momenta . Axions are colder for a larger since they receive more red-shifting after production. Given the recent constraint on the warmness of dark matter (see e.g. Irsic:2017ixq (); Lopez-Honorez:2017csg ()), we require that the axion velocity is smaller than at a temperature of 1 eV,

 pa(T)T∣∣∣T=1eV≲6×10−6 109 GeVfa, (9)

placing a lower bound on .

Let us assume that saxion to axion conversion occurs via a perturbative decay rate of , where . The number density and momenta of the axions are given by

 nas∼S2∗S3+m7/2S∗M3/2Pl,pas1/3∼S+m1/2S∗M1/2Pl. (10)

One can verify that the bound from coldness, (9), and the abundance requirement, (6), are incompatible with each other for any , for all larger than the experimental lower bound of GeV.

Parametric Resonance—In fact, the production rate is typically much larger than the perturbative decay rate. The saxion couples to the axion through the potential of the PQ breaking field, and the axion feels an oscillatory mass. As the axion mass oscillates rapidly, the axion fluctuations, seeded by quantum fluctuation, grow rapidly by parametric resonance Kofman:1994rk (); Kofman:1997yn (). The axion momentum is typically of order . The energy of the fluctuations grows exponentially and at some point, typically soon after oscillations begin, becomes comparable to that of the saxion oscillation. At this stage, the back reaction on the saxion is non-negligible and parametric resonance ceases. In addition to axions, parametric resonance gives a comparable yield of saxions. Due to efficient scattering between the oscillating saxion and the fluctuations, the entire zero-mode energy of the saxion is converted into fluctuations, , given in Eq. (7).

The evolution of the fluctuations after this stage is model-dependent, and a model-by-model lattice simulation is needed to rigorously follow the dynamics. In this letter we consider the case where the co-moving momentum and number density of the fluctuations are approximately conserved, so that the axion yield is comparable to that of the original saxion oscillation, given by Eq. (7).

It is striking that this production mechanism, with , occurs at a very early time. This allows large red-shifting after production, giving axion momenta

 pa(T)s1/3∼(mS,iMPl)\scalebox1.01$12$, (11)

that easily satisfy the coldness constraint (9) for sufficiently small saxion masses.

So far we assumed that entropy is conserved after axion production, but this depends on the fate of the saxions. To avoid overclosure, the energy of the saxions must be transferred to the thermal bath with some rate and hence thermalize at . If thermalization occurs before the saxions lead to matter domination, no entropy is produced; but thermalization after matter domination generates entropy, leading to an axion yield that is independent of

 (12)

where is the vacuum saxion mass.

In the following, we apply the above mechanism to a few simple models of PQ symmetry breaking, giving results with and without matter domination by saxions.

Production of axions via parametric resonance is discussed in the literature. Ref. Ema:2017krp () considers production of QCD axions by oscillations of the PQ symmetry breaking field, with axions identified as dark radiation. Ref. Mazumdar:2015pta () investigates production of axion-like particle dark matter via derivative couplings with a scalar condensation. However, they do not consider production of QCD axion dark matter from parametric resonance.

Quartic potential.—We consider a potential of the PQ symmetry breaking field ,

 V=λ2(|P|2−f2a2)2. (13)

The saxion mass is field-dependent, for and . The saxion begins to oscillate when the Hubble scale is .

After the saxion oscillation energy is transferred to fluctuations, the fluctuation momentum, initially of order , slowly grows as  Micha:2002ey () when the fluctuation amplitude is larger than . Here is the scale factor of the Universe. The evolution of the momentum for a smaller amplitude is not known, but we expect that the growth of the momentum becomes ineffective since the interaction term is less effective. The overall growth of the momentum is at the most in the parameter space of interest, and we ignore it.

First we discuss the case of rapid thermalization of the saxion fluctuations so that they never dominate. The axion yield and momentum are given by

 Ya≃0.04λ1/2(SiMPl)\scalebox1.01$32$≃0.05(SiMPl)\scalebox1.01$32$(famS,0)\scalebox1.01$12$, (14)
 pas1/3≃λ1/2(SiMPl)\scalebox1.01$12$≃(SiMPl)\scalebox1.01$12$(mS,0fa)\scalebox1.01$12$, (15)

giving constraints on the parameter space,

 mS,0≃ 400MeV(Si2×1017GeV)3109 GeVfa, Si≲ 2×1017 GeV. (16)

The axions should not be thermalized. For small thermalization seems inevitable, but in our mechanism it is suppressed by the large field value of . The axions scatter with the thermal bath with a rate

 (17)

During the zero-mode saxion oscillation may be much smaller than the amplitude of the oscillation as coherently gets small during the oscillation Mukaida:2012qn (). However, is still large enough to prevent thermalization. After the saxion oscillation energy is converted into fluctuations, is of order the amplitude of the fluctuation and decreases in proportion to the temperature, until it becomes of order , after which . The ratio of the scattering rate to the Hubble scale is maximized when first reaches . Requiring this ratio to be smaller than unity gives

 mS,0≲1GeV(Si2×1017 GeV)\scalebox1.01$52$, (18)

after removing using the constraint Eq. ( QCD Axion Dark Matter with a Small Decay Constant) for the dark matter abundance.

The upper panel in Fig. 1 summarizes the constraints on and . On each contour, dark matter is explained by axions produced from parametric resonance for the corresponding . In the pink region, the axions are too warm to be dark matter; the y-axis on the right labels the axion velocity at eV. In the yellow region, the resonantly produced axions thermalize and are not dark matter. The constraint leading to the orange region is explained later.

Once the zero-mode saxion oscillation is transferred into fluctuations of axions and saxions, their energy density evolves as radiation. After becomes of order , the saxion behaves as matter, and may dominate the energy density of the universe. The axion abundance is then given by Eq. (12), and the axion momentum is

 pas1/3≃(36λ2nas)\scalebox1.01$13$=(18m2S,0f2anas)\scalebox1.01$13$. (19)

Dilution requires the saxion mass to be smaller than in Eq. ( QCD Axion Dark Matter with a Small Decay Constant). The constraint from axion thermalization is derived in a similar manner to Eq. (18), and is given by

 mS,0≲200GeV(fa109 GeV)3SiMPl. (20)

The constraints on parameters with a saxion domination era are shown in the lower panel of Fig. 1. The region to the right of each color line is excluded for the corresponding . The dark matter abundance is explained with an appropriate in regions between the orange boundary and color lines.

Quadratic potential.—In supersymmetric QCD axion models, the saxion potential may be approximately quadratic. One example is a two-field model with superpotential and soft supersymmetry breaking terms

 W=X(P¯P−f2a),  Vsoft=m2P|P|2+m2¯P|¯P|2. (21)

Another example is a one-field model with a potential given by soft supersymmetry breaking and radiative corrections Abe:2001cg (); Nakamura:2008ey (); DEramo:2015iqd (),

 V=m2|P|2(ln2|P|2f2a−1). (22)

For simplicity we approximate the dynamics of the saxion as the oscillation by an almost constant quadratic term with .

In these models, the saxion starts oscillating when the Hubble scale is . We parametrize the time of parametric resonance as . After the zero-mode saxion oscillation energy is transferred to axion fluctuations, the axion yield is of order that of the original saxion in Eq. (7). The axion momentum is

 (23)

We have checked with a lattice simulation using LATTICEEASY Felder:2000hq () that, in the one field model of Eq. (22), the number density is conserved, the axion momentum does not grow, and . We discuss this issue in detail in a separate publication CHH (). The results below also apply to the two-field theory if the comoving number density and momentum do not vary much.

We consider first the case that saxions thermalize before they dominate. The abundance and coldness of axion dark matter then require

 mS≃ 2 GeV(Si1015 GeV)4(109 GeVfa)2, Si≲ 3×1016 GeV(100Np)1/4. (24)

The upper bound on from axion thermalization is

 mS<⎧⎪ ⎪⎨⎪ ⎪⎩20 GeV(fa109 GeV)5:fa<3×109 GeV,2×104 GeVfa1010 GeV:fa>3×109 GeV. (25)

The former is derived in a similar manner as for the quartic potential. When the saxion transfers its energy to the thermal bath before it dominates, suddenly drops to , enhancing . The latter bound is derived by conservatively assuming that saxions are destroyed at the temperature of saxion domination. If saxions are destroyed at higher temperatures, the constraint becomes stronger. The bound is stronger than the one from the warmness of the axion only for GeV.

In the case of an era of saxion domination, the axion abundance is given by Eq. (12), and the momentum is

 pas1/3≃⎛⎝m2SN3/2pS2inas⎞⎠\scalebox1.01$13$. (26)

The saxion mass must be smaller than given in Eq. ( QCD Axion Dark Matter with a Small Decay Constant). Axion thermalization places an upper bound on ,

 mS

The former (latter) case is for thermalization during the radiation-dominated (saxion-dominated) era. Formulae to derive the latter bound can be found in the appendix of Ref. Co:2017pyf (). Finally, when the saxion is destroyed suddenly drops to , and the axion thermalization rate is enhanced, which gives an upper bound on ,

 mS<2×104 GeVfa1010 GeV. (28)

The constraints on the quadratic theory are shown in Fig. 2. In comparison with the quartic theory, a large vacuum mass of the saxion is allowed, since the mass is independent of the saxion field value.

For smaller than GeV, saxions begin oscillating in the thermal potential generated by the free energy of quarks and gluons Anisimov:2000wx (). (In principle, this can be avoided by giving a large mass to gluons.) This not only changes the saxion evolution, but may also lead to formation of clumpy objects such as Q-balls Coleman:1985ki () and I-balls/oscillons Bogolyubsky:1976nx (); Gleiser:1993pt (); Kasuya:2002zs (), which may drastically change axion production. We discuss this in a future work CHH ().

The fate of the saxion.— Remnant saxions must be removed without causing cosmological problems. If saxions, with yield (6), do not decay or scatter with the thermal bath, they dominate the energy density below temperature ,

 TdommS,0≃100fa109 GeV. (29)

For saxions not to dominate the Universe, they must be destroyed at a temperature above and thus above the saxion mass. If saxions do come to dominate the Universe, the temperature of the thermal bath just after they are destroyed must be larger than the saxion mass, as implied by Eqs. (6) and (12). In both cases, the temperature of saxion destruction must be larger than , and hence scattering with the thermal bath is important for destruction. One may then naively expect that scattering between axions and the thermal bath is also effective, thermalizing the axion.

This is, however, not always true. Consider a coupling between and the Higgs field , . This induces a saxion-Higgs coupling, , but not an axion-Higgs coupling. Here is a contribution to the Higgs mass squared from PQ symmetry breaking. The saxion scattering rate with the thermal bath, before the electroweak phase transition, and for , is Mukaida:2012qn ()

 Γs,H≃1πm4Hf2aT(Sfa)2. (30)

With this interaction the saxion is thermalized below a temperature ,

 Tth≃1 TeV(mH200 GeV)\scalebox1.01$43$(109 GeVfa)\scalebox1.01$23$, (31)

which may be large enough.

Thermalized saxions interact with standard model fermions via mixing with the Higgs. For sufficiently large , saxions are still in thermal equilibrium while non-relativistic, and hence disappear without leaving any imprints. Saxion masses below  MeV are however excluded, for the of interest, from saxion cooling of supernovae Ellis:1987pk (); Raffelt:1987yt (); Turner:1987by (); Mayle:1987as (); Raffelt:2006cw (); Co:2017orl (). For small , on the other hand, saxions decouple from the thermal bath while relativistic, and decay dominantly to a pair of axions at temperature

 Tdec≃1 MeV(mS,010 MeV)\scalebox1.01$32$(108 GeVfa). (32)

The resulting axions are observed as dark radiation of the Universe, with an energy density, normalized to one generation of neutrinos, given by

 ΔNeff=120ζ(3)7π4mS,0Tdecg∗(1MeV)4/3g∗(TD)g∗(Tdec)1/3 (33) ≃0.3(10 MeVmS,0)\scalebox1.01$12$(fa108 GeV)80g∗(TD)(10.75g∗(Tdec))\scalebox1.01$13$,

where is the number of degrees of freedom of the thermal bath at temperature , and is the saxion decoupling temperature. The experimental upper bound is  Ade:2015xua (). For MeV, there is too much dark radiation (small ) or too rapid supernova cooling (large ), as shown by the orange region in Figs. 1 and 2.

Discussion.—In a wide class of theories, a large initial value of the PQ breaking field leads to cosmological production of axions via parametric resonance. The resulting dark matter abundance scales as and dominates at low . Figures 1 and 2 show that, in theories with quartic and quadratic potentials, there are large regions of parameter space allowing axion dark matter with GeV. The parts of these regions close to the “too warm” boundaries have Large Scale Structure that deviates from that of cold dark matter. The required flatness of the potential leads to a mass hierarchy, , that can be understood with supersymmetry.

Parametric resonance randomizes the axion direction so that axions are also produced from the mis-alignment mechanism with , overproducing axions for GeV. In the quartic theory, PQ symmetry is restored, leading to domain wall formation Tkachev:1995md (); Kasuya:1996ns (). This might also occur in the one-field quadratic model. The domain wall number should be unity so that domain walls are unstable Sikivie:1982qv (). The unstable string domain wall network overproduces axions if GeV. A numerical simulation Kawasaki:2017kkr () suggests that domain walls are not produced in the two-field quadratic model.

If the reheating temperature of the Universe is low enough, oscillations begin during an inflaton-dominated era; this case will be discussed in a future publication, along with a detailed analysis on thermal potentials CHH ().

Acknowledgment.—The authors thank Kyohei Mukaida and Yue Zhao for discussions. This work was supported in part by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, of the US Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231 and by the National Science Foundation under grants PHY-1316783 and PHY-1521446.

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