1 Introduction

PRODUCTION OF SECONDARIES IN HIGH ENERGY d+Au COLLISIONS

C. Merino, C. Pajares, and Yu. M. Shabelski

Departamento de Física de Partículas, Facultade de Física,

and Instituto Galego de Altas Enerxías (IGAE),

Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain

E-mail: merino@fpaxp1.usc.es, pajares@fpaxp1.usc.es

Permanent address: Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute,

Gatchina, St.Petersburg 188350 Russia

E-mail: shabelsk@thd.pnpi.spb.ru

A b s t r a c t

In the framework of Quark-Gluon String Model we calculate the inclusive spectra of secondaries produced in d+Au collisions at intermediate (CERN SPS) and at much higher (RHIC) energies. The results of numerical calculations at intermediate energies are in reasonable agreement with the data. At RHIC energies numerically large inelastic screening corrections (percolation effects) should be accounted for in calculations. We extract these effects from the existing RHIC experimental data on minimum bias and central d+Au collisions. The predictions for p+Au interactions at LHC energy are also given.

PACS. 25.75.Dw Particle and resonance production

## 1 Introduction

The Quark–Gluon String Model (QGSM) and the Dual Parton Model (DPM) are based on the Dual Topological Unitarization (DTU) and describe quantitatively many features of high energy production processes, including the inclusive spectra of different secondary hadrons, their multiplicities and multiplicity distributions, etc., both in hadron–nucleon and hadron–nucleus collisions at fixed target energies, as well as the main features of secondary production at collider energies. The model parameters were fixed [1-7] by comparison of the calculations with experimental data.

The inclusive densities of different secondaries produced in collisions at  GeV in midrapidity region were reasonably described in [8]. In the present paper we calculate in the QGSM the inclusive spectra of secondaries produced in d+Au collisions both at intermediate (CERN SPS, GeV) and much higher (RHIC, GeV) energies. We also present some predictions for LHC energies.

In the QGSM high energy interactions are considered as proceeding via the exchange of one or several Pomerons, and all elastic and inelastic processes result from cutting through or between Pomerons [9]. Inclusive spectra of hadrons are related to the corresponding fragmentation functions of quarks and diquarks, which are constructed using the Reggeon counting rules [10].

In the case of interaction with a nuclear target the Multiple Scattering Theory (Gribov-Glauber Theory) is used, what allows to consider the interaction with the nuclear target as the superposition of interactions with different numbers of target nucleons.

The radius of a deuteron is rather large in the strong interaction scale, so we can assume that the proton and the neutron in the deuteron interact independently with heavy nuclei. However, sometimes only one nucleon interacts, the second one being a spectator. The average number of the deuteron nucleons interacting with a heavy nucleus A in a minimum bias collision is determined by the cross sections of secondary production in NA and dA collisions [11]

 ⟨Nd⟩=AσprodNAσproddA (1)

and the inclusive spectrum of any secondary particle produced in a d+A collision is equal to the product of times the spectrum in a N+A collision:

 dn/dy|dA=⟨Nd⟩⋅dn/dy|NA. (2)

In the case of central collisions can be calculated with the help of Glauber Theory [12], while the values of should be those calculated for central N+A collisions [13].

## 2 Inclusive spectra of secondary hadrons in the Quark-Gluon String Model

For the quantitative predictions one needs a model for multiparticle production and we have used the QGSM in the numerical calculations presented below.

We consider a nucleon as a system of three gluon strings connected to three valence quarks and joint at the point called “string junction” (SJ) [14-16], as it is shown in Fig. 1. Sea quarks are produced by radiation (possibly, via some non-perturbative mechanism) inside the gluon strings.

As mentioned above, high energy hadron–nucleon and hadron–nucleus interactions are considered in the QGSM as proceeding via the exchange of one or several Pomerons. Each Pomeron corresponds to a cylinder diagram (see Fig. 2a) that, when cutted, produces two showers of secondaries as it is shown in Fig. 2b. The inclusive spectrum of secondaries is determined by the convolution of diquark, valence quark, and sea quark distributions, , in the incident particles with the fragmentation functions, , of quarks and diquarks into secondary hadrons. The diquark and quark distribution functions depend on the number of cut Pomerons in the considered diagram.

In the case of a nucleon target the inclusive spectrum of a secondary hadron has the form [1]:

 xEσineldσdxF=1σineldσdy=∞∑n=1wnϕhn(x)  , (3)

where the functions determine the contribution of diagrams with cut Pomerons and is the probability of this process [17]. Here we neglect the diffraction dissociation contributions of diffraction which are comparatively small in most of the processes considered below, since they are important mainly for secondary production in the large region that is not significant in the present calculations.

For collisions

 ϕhpp(x)=fhqq(x+,n)⋅fhq(x−,n)+fhq(x+,n)⋅fhqq(x−,n)+2(n−1)fhs(x+,n)⋅fhs(x−,n)  , (4)
 x±=12[√4m2T/s+x2±x]  , (5)

where , , and correspond to the contributions of diquarks, valence quarks, and sea quarks, respectively.

These contributions are determined by the convolution of the diquark and quark distributions with the fragmentation functions, e.g.,

 fhq(x+,n)=∫1x+uq(x1,n)Ghq(x+/x1)dx1  . (6)

The diquark and quark distributions, as well as the fragmentation functions, are determined by Regge intercepts [10].

In the case of nuclear targets we should consider the possibility of one or several Pomeron cuts in each of the blobs of hadron-nucleon inelastic interactions, as well as cuts between Pomerons. For example, for a collision one of the cut Pomerons links a diquark and a valence quark of the projectile proton with a valence quark and diquark of one target nucleon, while other Pomerons link the sea quark-antiquark pairs of the projectile proton with diquarks and valence quarks of other target nucleons and also with sea quark-antiquark pairs of nucleons in the target.

In particular, and as one example, one of the diagrams contributing to for the inelastic interaction with two target nucleons is shown in Fig. 3. In the blob of the proton-nucleon 1 inelastic interaction one Pomeron is cut, and in the blob of the proton-nucleon 2 interaction two Pomerons are cut. It is essential to take into account all digrams with every possible Pomeron configuration and permutation. The process shown in Fig. 3 satisfies the condition [18-21] that the absorptive parts of the hadron-nucleus amplitude are determined by the combination of the absorptive parts of the hadron-nucleon amplitudes.

Let us consider the case of inelastic interactions with target nucleons, cut Pomerons in collisions (), and cut Pomerons connecting with the -th target nucleon (), i.e. for the diagram in Fig. 3 , , , . We define the relative weight of the contribution with cut Pomerons in every blob as . For the inclusive spectrum of the secondary hadron produced in a collision we obtain [5]

 dndy=xEσprodpAdσdxF = A∑ν=1V(ν)pA{∞∑n=νn−ν+1∑n1=1⋅⋅⋅n−ν+1∑nν=1ν∏l=1wpNnl× × [fhqq(x+,n)fhq(x−,nl)+fhq(x+,n)fhqq(x−,nl)+ + 2n−2∑m=1fhs(x+,n)fhqq,q,s(x−,nm)]},

where is the probability of pure inelastic (nondiffractive) interactions with target nucleons, and we should account for all possible Pomeron permutations and for the difference in quark content of the protons and neutrons in the target.

In particular, the contribution of the diagram in Fig. 3 to the inclusive spectrum is

 xEσprodpAdσdxF = 2V(2)pAwpN11wpN22{fhqq(x+,3)fhq(x−,1)+ + fhq(x+,3)fhqq(x−,1)+fhs(x+,3)[fhqq(x−,2)+fhq(x−,2)+ + 2fhs(x−,2)]}.

The diquark and quark distributions and the fragmentation functions here are the same as in the case of a nucleon target.

## 3 Inclusive spectra in p+Au and d+Au collisions at CERN SPS energy

The QGSM gives a reasonable description [5, 22] of the inclusive spectra of different secondaries produced on nuclear targets at energies = 14-30 GeV.

In Fig. 4 we compare our results obtained by using Eqs. (2), (7) for the minimum bias p+Au and for 0-43% central d+Au collisions with the experimental data in the rapidity distributions of negatively charged secondaries at GeV [23] in laboratory system. The calculated value of the average number of interacting beam nucleons in these central collisions is 1.93. For minimum bias interactions we use 1.61.

In the central region , as well as in the beam fragmentation region the agreement for both p+Au and d+Au cases is reasonable. The differences between the calculated curves and the data are not larger than 10%. In the target fragmentation region, (at lab. rapidities ) our curves underestimate the data, what can be connected with Fermi-motion and/or intranuclear cascade contributions. By comparing these results with those in [1, 5, 6, 22] one can see that the A-dependence of the inclusive spectra is reasonably represented by the QGSM, and that our assumption of independent interaction of the proton and the neutron in deuteron with the target in d+A collisions agrees with the experimental data.

The NA35 Collaboration has also presented the rapidity distributions of net protons and net -hyperons measured in minimum bias p+Au, and similar distributions of net protons in 0-43% central d+Au collisions. Following [24], for the calculation of these distributions in the QGSM we consider three different sources of the net baryon charge. The first one is the fragmentation of the diquark, that gives rise to a leading baryon carrying the initial SJ (Fig. 5a). A second possibility is to produce a leading meson in the first break-up of the string and a baryon in the subsequent break-up [10, 25] (Fig. 5b). In these two cases the baryon number transfer is only possible for short distances in rapidity. In the third case shown in Fig. 5c, both initial valence quarks recombine with sea antiquarks into mesons , and a secondary baryon is formed by the SJ together with three sea quarks.

The corresponding fragmentation functions for the secondary baryon production can be written as follows (see [24] for more details):

 GBqq(z) = aNvqq⋅z2.5, (9) GBqs(z) = aNvqs⋅z2(1−z), (10) GBss(z) = aNεvss⋅z1−αSJ(1−z)2 (11)

for the processes shown in Figs. 5a, 5b, and 5c, respectively, and where is the normalization parameter, and , , are the relative probabilities for different baryons production that can be found by simple quark combinatorics [26, 27]. The fraction of the incident baryon energy carried by the secondary baryon decreases from Fig. 5a to Fig. 5c, whereas the mean rapidity gap between the incident and secondary baryons increases. The contribution of the graph in Fig. 5c contains a coefficient which determines the small probability of such baryon number transfer.

The values of the parameters and which correctly describe [28–33] all the data concerning baryon number transfer at high energies were presented in [28] :

 αSJ=0.9andε=0.024. (12)

In Fig. 6 we compare the results of our calculations of net baryon production in p+Au and central d+Au collisions with experimental data [23]. The normalization and general trends are reproduced quite reasonably. The contribution of SJ diffusion turns out to be more important for secondary - -hyperon production.

## 4 Inclusive spectra at RHIC energies

The c.m. pseudorapidity spectra of all charged secondaries in p+p collisions at = 200 GeV were measured by PHOBOS Collaboration [37] and these data are in agreement with the results by the UA5 Collaboration [36]. The PHOBOS data are presented in Fig. 7 together with the QGSM calculation shown by solid curve. In the QGSM calculations we accounted for that [35]

 dσdη∗=dσdy∗⋅coshη∗√m2T/p2T+sinh2η∗, (13)

where the pseudorapidity variable can be expressed in terms of the c.m. rapidity variable by

 η∗=12ln⎡⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢⎣√m2Tcosh2y∗−m2+mTsinhy∗√m2Tcosh2y∗−m2−mTsinhy∗⎤⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥⎦. (14)

The dotted curves in Fig. 7 correspond to the upper limit of 90% confidence level errors. The agreement of QGSM results with experimental points is better than 10%.

The RHIC experimental data for Au+Au collisions [37, 38] give clear evidence of the inclusive density saturation effects which reduce the inclusive density about two times in the central (midrapidity) region in comparison with predictions based on the superposition picture [39, 40, 41]. This reduction can be explained in the framework of the inelastic screening corrections [42]. The effect is very small for integrated cross sections (many of them are determined only by geometry), but it is very important [42] for the calculations of secondary multiplicities and inclusive densities at high energies.

Following the estimations in [42], the RHIC energies are just of the order of magnitude needed to observe this effect. The inelastic screening can make [42] the inclusive density in the midrapidity region decrease about two times at RHIC energies and about three times at LHC energies in comparison with the calculation without inelastic screening.

However, all estimations are model dependent. The numerical contribution of multipomeron diagrams is rather unclear due to the very many unknown vertices in the multipomeron diagrams. The number of parameters can be reduced in some models, for example in [42] the Schwimmer model [43] was used for the numerical estimations.

Another (model dependent) possibility to estimate the contribution of the diagrams with Pomeron interaction comes [44, 45, 46, 47] from percolation theory. In this approach one assumes that if two or several Pomerons are overlapping in transverse space, they fuse in only one Pomeron. When all quark-gluon strings (cut Pomerons) are overlapping, the inclusive density saturates, reaching its maximal value at a given impact parameter. This approach has only one free parameter called percolation parameter

 η=Nsr2sR2⟨r(y)⟩, (15)

with the number of produced strings, the string transverse radius, and the radius of the overlapping area. The factor - accounts for the fact that the parton density near the ends of the strings is smaller that in the central region, where we define . At large rapidities we have strings with different parton densities, , and

 Ns⟨r(y)⟩=Ns∑i=1ri(y). (16)

As a result, the bare inclusive density is reduced and we obtain

 dn/dy=F(η)⋅dn/dy|bare, (17)

with [47]

 F(η)=√1−e−ηη. (18)

For the d+A interaction, which we consider as the sum of p+A and n+A interactions (see Eq. (2)) we obtain at RHIC energy GeV for minimum bias interactions 1.61, which is practically the same value as at CERN SPS energy. This value leads to a number of participant nucleons, 8.2, that is in agreement with the estimation [48]. The value of in Eq. (15) is the squared average radius of interactions (nucleon radius at not very high energies). The phenomenological estimation of gives 0.2-0.3 fm [49] that is in agreement with the estimation of the radius of constituent (dressed) quark [50].

The pseudorapidity spectra of all charged secondaries in d+Au collisions at GeV were measured by PHOBOS [48] and BRAHMS [51] Collaborations. These data allow us to obtain the experimental values of as (see Eq. (17))

 Fexp(η∗)=dn/dη∗|expdn/dη∗|bare. (19)

The corresponding results are presented in Fig. 8 for minimum bias [48] (left panel) and for 0-30% central [51] (right panel) d+Au collisions. Solid lines show the average values of in the interval , where the values of have minimal values and are compatible with constant behaviour.

The average value of in the midrapidity region extracted from minimum bias events is , which corresponds to the pseudorapidity value . These error bars are mainly determined by the uncertainty in the calculation of . Now we can estimate the values of (we assume that = in Eq. (15)) as

 ⟨r(y)⟩=dn(y)/dy|baredn(y=0)/dy|bare, (20)

and we can calculate the values of as a function of pseudorapidity using its normalization at . The results are shown in Fig. 8 by a dashed curve and they are in agreement with the experimental data.

From the analysis of 0-30% central d+Au collisions [51] (right panel in Fig. 8) we obtain the average value of , which corresponds to the value, . In the same way as in the minimum bias case the estimation of allows us now to calculate the pseudorapidity dependence of shown in the right panel of Fig. 8 by a dashed curve.

Finally, from the results shown in Fig. 8 we obtain that the value of the percolation parameter for d+Au collisions in the midrapidity region is rather large, . This implies a significant contribution from the processes with high density parton matter effects. These results are in qualitative agreement with [52].

Let us now consider the absolute values of pseudorapidity distributions for produced charged secondaries . They are presented in Fig. 9 for the minimum bias [48] (left panel) and 0-30% central [51] (right panel) d+Au collisions at = 200 GeV. The standard QGSM calculations without any percolation contributions (those in denominator of Eq. (19)) are shown by solid curves and they are in evident disagreement with the experimental data.

To account for the percolation effects it is technically more simple to consider the maximal number of pomerons, , which can be emitted by one nucleon of the deuteron. In this case all model calculations become rather simple because above the critical value every additional pomeron cannot contribute to the inclusive spectrum. In this scenario we obtain a reasonable agreement with the experimental data (see dashed curves in Fig. 9 for ). This value of is slightly larger than the average value of produced strings (see Eq. (15)). The last value can be estimated as the double (every cut Pomeron corresponds to two strings) product of the average value of cut Pomerons in one non-diffractive NN interaction times the average number of interacting nucleons in the Au nucleus at RHIC energy

 ⟨Ns⟩=2⟨nNN⟩⋅⟨νNA⟩ (21)

(we have used mb.) So the percolation effects do not affect the average configurations of Pomerons, but restrict the tails of the distributions.

The yields of and were measured by STAR Collaboration [53] at RHIC energies in both the minimum bias and 0-20% central d+Au collisions at GeV. In Fig. 10 we compare the results of our calculations of and production in minimum bias d+Au collisions with experimental data [53]. The multiplicities of and are reproduced in a quite reasonable way. The similar calculations of and production at RHIC energy were also presented in [33].

The same calculations for and production in 0-20% central d+Au collisions at GeV [53] are presented in Fig. 11 where the agreement with the data is also good.

## 5 Predictions for LHC energies

Let us consider the predictions for p+Au (p+Pb) collisions at LHC energy TeV per nucleon.

The calculated result for the charged particle inclusive density in the midrapidity region, , as a function of initial energy without percolation effects is shown in Fig. 12 (left panel) by solid curve.

In accounting for the percolation effects we meet the problem of the possible energy dependence of the maximal number of pomerons, , which can be emitted by the incident proton.

The result obtained in the simplest variant, in which we neglect any energy dependence of , i.e4. we use at all energies, is shown in the left panel of Fig. 12 by the dashed curve.

At fixed target energies 15-40 GeV percolation effects are too small to be observed by comparison of the model calculations with experimental data. An additional suppression of the percolation effects at fixed target energies comes from the fact that the strings from the nucleus need some distance from the nucleus position (lab. frame) in rapidity space to fuse (percolation) [54] in the midrapidity (c.m. frame) region, but at relatively low energies this distance is small and percolation effects are mainly absent.

At RHIC energies the percolation effects in are about 1.5-1.7 times larger then at fixed target energies and they can increase until 3 times larger at LHC energy. A so large effect in the LHC case is connected with the fact that at TeV we have and , so the average value of Pomerons () in the minimum bias p+A collision is significantly larger than .

The percolation effect for at LHC energy would be smaller if we assume that the squared interaction radius in Eq. (15) increases proportionally to the total inelastic cross section, whereas the string transverse radius is constant. In this case, and assuming =8.8 TeV) = 75.5 mb, the value of can approximately increase proportionally to the =8.8 TeV)/ =200 GeV) ratio and we would predict the behaviour shown by the dash-dotted curve in left panel of Fig. 12.

The predicted rapidity distributions of charged secondaries without (solid curve) and with percolation effects with (dashed curve) are presented in the right panel of Fig. 12. Our solid curve is rather close to the estimation of [55] but the shape in the maximum is different.

The processes of baryon number transfer via string junction diffusion [24, 28-33] should also be accounted at these so high energies.

## 6 Conclusions

We show that the QGSM together with the Multiple Scattering Theory can describe on reasonable level the inclusive spectra of secondaries produced in d+Au collisions at CERN SPS energies.

The data of RHIC and their comparison with CERN SPS data show numerically large effects coming from the inelastic screening effects, or Pomeron (secondary particle) density saturation. These effects can be quantitatively described in the percolation approach. It is necessary to say that the scheme used here (the restriction of the number of Pomerons which can be cut in one N+A interaction) is different from the approaches used in Refs. [44, 45, 47], but our scheme seems closer to the point of view of the Parton Model [54, 56]. The numerical difference with [54, 56] comes from the fact that the ratio of in Eq. (15) is rather small, so the percolation parameter, , is also small and most of Pomerons can exist without percolating. That is why the effects of Pomeron (secondary particle) density saturation are small at fixed target energies and they become visible only starting from RHIC energies (see left panel of Fig. 12). These effects can increase with energy if the ratio of is constant, or they can be practically energy independent if the ratio of .

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to N. Armesto and J. Dias de Deus for useful discussions. This paper was supported by Ministerio Educación y Ciencia of Spain under project FPA 2005–01963 and by Xunta de Galicia and, in part, by grants RFBR-07-02-00023 and RSGSS-1124.2003.2.

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