Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

Gordon Baym, Tetsuo Hatsuda Both authors contributed equally to this work.
Abstract

We show how anisotropy in momentum of the gluon distribution in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions gives rise to polarization of direct photons produced via gluon-quark Compton scattering, as well as by quark-antiquark annihilation into a gluon-photon pair. We estimate the polarization asymmetry from the Compton process within a toy model where the polarized photons are produced from thermal gluons scattered by heavy-quark scattering centers moving with Bjorken boost-invariant flow, and find that it could be as large as 10%. We conclude that polarization measurements of directly produced photons can shed light on gluon pressure anisotropy in the early stages of collisions.

Introduction: Thermal photons are a valuable probe of the state of the big-bang universe in cosmology as well as the state of the little-bang plasma in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions (urHIC). The cosmic microwave background (CMB) provides information on the temperature of the universe at the time of decoupling Samtleben:2007zz [], while enhanced direct photons in urHIC Stankus:2005eq [] provide information on the initial temperature of the hot quark-gluon plasma Adare:2008ab []. The anisotropy of the photon spectrum ( in cosmology and in urHIC) supplies further details of the initial states; indeed the unpolarized photon spectrum is sensitive to the momentum anisotropy of quarks and gluons in the evolving quark-gluon plasma Schenke:2006yp []. Measurement of the CMB polarization, particularly the odd parity B-mode would, after subtraction of other sources of polarization, give critical evidence for gravitation waves created at the time of inflation planck []. In this Letter we point out that the polarization of the direct photons from urHIC – whose principle sources are Compton scattering of gluons on quarks, Fig. 1(a), and quark-anti quark annihilation into a gluon-photon pair, Fig. 1(b), plays a similar role, providing immediate information on the pre-equilibrium stage of the urHIC, especially the deviations from local thermal equilibrium in the hot plasma.

Several distinct mechanisms of polarization of direct photons in urHIC have been considered earlier. First, Ref. Goloviznin:1997pf [] predicted polarization via synchrotron radiation of quarks in the color magnetic fields at the surface of the collision volume; however, whether the total yield of such photons is significant compared with the volume emission is not clear sinha []. Subsequently, Ref. ipp [] considered production of circularly polarized photons as a consequence of bulk quark polarization arising from spin-orbit coupling in non-central collisions. More recently, Ref. yee [] studied photon polarization via the chiral magnetic effect, a mechanism also effective only in non-central collisions, with the polarization asymmetry found to be at the level of 0.1-0.2%. We stress that these varied physical mechanisms are different from the simple and robust mechanisms of Compton scattering and pair annihilation we consider here.

The local emission rate of a direct photon of four-momentum and polarization from the process is generally written as Kapusta-Gale []:

 dR(q,εq)dΓ=\@fontswitchD2(2π)3∫3∏i=1d3pi2Ei(2π)3f1f2(1∓f3)(2π)4δ4(p1+p2−p3−q)|\@fontswitchM|2, (1)

where is the Lorentz invariant volume element, is the invariant matrix element squared with the average over spin, color, and gluon polarization in the initial state and the sum over final states, is the degeneracy factor of the initial state, and the ’s are the quark and gluon distribution functions. For the Compton process (Fig. 1(a)), we take in Eq. (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) with the minus sign in front of , while for the pair annihilation process (Fig. 1(b)), we take in Eq. (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) with the plus sign in front of . The degeneracy factors in Compton and annihilation processes for 2-flavor QCD are and , respectively.

The invariant matrix element squared with the degeneracy factor for the Compton process is ipp []

 \@fontswitchDC¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯|\@fontswitchMC|2=3209e2g2[{qp}{qp′}+{qp′}{qp}−2m2({εqp}{qp}−{εqp′}{qp′})2⎤⎦; (2)

here is the QCD coupling constant, the quark mass, the electric charge, and denotes the four-vector product. This formula is manifestly gauge invariant under the shift . Also, it reduces to the standard Klein-Nishina formula in the rest frame of the initial quark. The final polarized photon spectrum is obtained by integration over the space-time volume of the quark-gluon plasma.

The invariant matrix element squared for the annihilation process can be obtained from Eq. (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) by using crossing symmetry, , , together with an overall minus sign:

 \@fontswitchDA¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯|\@fontswitchMA|2=1609e2g2[{qp}{qp′}+{qp′}{qp}+2m2({εqp}{qp}−{εqp′}{qp′})2⎤⎦. (3)

Equations (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) and (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) are the leading order results of naive perturbation theory in which is the current quark mass (a few MeV for u and d quarks, and about 100 MeV for the s quark). In a strongly interacting plasma with temperature not far from the critical temperature 160 MeV, we would need to evaluate the amplitudes by taking into account at least two effects: (i) the remnant chiral symmetry breaking due to the smooth chiral crossover Aoki:2006we [] in which the ’s in Eqs. (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) and (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) should be identified as dynamical quark masses, which are considerably larger than current quark masses, (ii) the effect of infrared screening cutoffs through hard thermal loops, of order . We leave detailed calculations of the in-medium polarization amplitudes including these effects for future studies.

Origin of the photon polarization: The sign difference in front of in Eq. (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) compared with Eq. (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) indicates that the polarizations of the photons produced in the two processes tend to be perpendicular to each other. Explicitly, in the rest frame of the initial quark , in the gauge with is space-like in this frame, the polarization-dependent term inside the bracket of Eq. (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) reads , while that in Eq. (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) reads . The physics of difference can be seen intuitively in Fig. 2 for photons produced at 90 degrees to the incident gluon or anti-quark. Since the photon is produced by the charge current in the process, its polarization is along the component of the charge current perpendicular to the photon momentum. A photon produced by Compton scattering of a gluon against a quark at rest is preferentially polarized in the direction perpendicular to the scattering plane, since the charge current is along the direction of the gluon polarization; for a photon produced at 90 degrees, the gluon polarization out of the reaction plane is perpendicular to the photon momentum, and thus the photon is also polarized perpendicular to the reaction plane. Similarly, the photon from pair annihilation of an anti-quark with a quark at rest is mostly polarized in the direction parallel to the scattering plane, since the charged current is along the incident anti-quark momentum. (However, it is not obvious a priori which process is the dominant source of the photon polarization, since the distribution functions enter differently between the two processes in Eq. (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions).)

Although the polarization-dependent and independent terms are generally comparable in the heavy-quark limit , one must exercise care in dealing with finite mass quarks. Averages over scattering angles are most readily carried out in the center-of-mass frame of the incident particles, in which all final scattering angles are a priori equiprobable. One would find, for light current masses, , in this frame, that the scattering amplitude is dominated by backscattering, , for which the polarization-independent terms in Eqs. (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) and (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) are large relative to the former, suppressing the polarization asymmetry. However owing to effects of dynamical quark masses and infrared screening, as mentioned above, one is essentially in an intermediate mass regime, and thus a realistic estimate of the magnitude of the polarization asymmetry must include both effects.

Toy model with fixed scattering centers: To demonstrate as simply as possible the essence of the photon polarization produced in heavy ion collisions we focus on the Compton process and schematically regard the quarks as heavy scattering centers co-moving with the fluid. This approximation, although drastic for the quarks in the thermal medium, highlights the role of the initial anisotropy of the gluon distributions in producing polarized photons. In this model, we take the quark momentum distribution in the rest frame of the fluid to be proportional to , and take the quark mass to infinity in . Then the emission rate (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) becomes

 dR(q,εq)dΓ=\@fontswitchNn(x)∫dΩk4πf→k(x)(1−(→εq⋅^k)2), (4)

where all momentum independent factors are included in the constant , is the quark (and anti-quark) number density in the local fluid element at , and with is the (time-dependent) gluon momentum distribution in momentum space. If the gluon distribution is isotropic in , then simply , where

 ⟨\@fontswitchO⟩≡1favk∫dΩ^k4πf→k\@fontswitchO,favk(x)=∫dΩ^k4πf→k, (5)

denotes the angular average over with weight factor .

Polarization asymmetry in central collisions: We first consider a central collision along the z-axis (Fig. 3a). A photon emitted with momentum in the rest frame of a local fluid element will appear in the laboratory frame to have momentum , where is the velocity of the fluid element in the laboratory frame and . The photon yield in the laboratory is an integral of the emission rate over the space-time evolution of the plasma:

 dNdΓ=∫d4xdRdΓ, (6)

where with the transverse momentum and the momentum rapidity in the laboratory frame. In terms of the proper time and the space-time rapidity , one has . We consider first a photon emitted at central rapidity ( or equivalently ) in the -direction. The polarization of the observed photon is then in the plane. We define the polarization anisotropy yee-def [],

 r(q⊥,Y=0)≡dN^z/dΓ−dN^y/dΓdN^z/dΓ+dN^y/dΓ, (7)

where and are the photon yields with plane polarization along the and directions. Non-vanishing for direct photons signals anisotropy of the momentum distribution in the plasma.

The photon polarization depends on the quadrupolar anisotropy of the gluon distribution, as we now show. A photon in the -direction at in the lab frame must be emitted at an angle with respect to the -axis in the local fluid rest frame, where . If the photon is polarized along , then . On the other hand, if the photon in the lab is polarized along , then in the local rest frame the photon is polarized in the - plane, and . When is averaged over angles, the cross term vanishes by axial symmetry in the collision, and

 dR^zdΓ = \@fontswitchA(1−sin2θ⟨^k2z⟩−cos2θ⟨^k2x⟩)=\@fontswitchA3(2+(1−32v2)λ), (8) dR^ydΓ = \@fontswitchA(1−⟨^k2y⟩)=\@fontswitchA3(2−λ2), (9)

where . The key microscopic parameter characterizing the momentum anisotropy  is

 λ≡⟨^k2x+^k2y⟩−2⟨^k2z⟩, (10)

where .

The polarization anisotropy to leading order in is thus

 r(q⊥,Y=0)=38 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯λ(1−v2), (11)

where denotes the space-time average,

 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯\@fontswitchO=∫τdτ∫dη n(τ)favk(τ,η)\@fontswitchO∫τdτ∫dη n(τ)favk(τ,η). (12)

Note that , and that can be taken as isotropic in the leading order estimate of .

As a specific model of anisotropy, we consider Romatschke and Strickland’s phenomenological momentum anisotropy distribution in the local rest frame Romatschke:2003ms [],

 f→k;ξ=e−[k2x+k2y+(1+ξ)k2z]1/2/T. (13)

The parameter , which controls the effective temperature of gluons along -direction, , is related to our model-independent momentum anisotropy parameter by to leading order in . In general, , as well as , depends on space and time.

We average over local fluid velocities, at fixed photon lab energy at mid-rapidity, within the Bjorken model of Lorentz invariant evolution bj [], in which the local fluid frame velocity is , and the particle density scales as . The collision volume extends in space-time rapidity from to . To calculate space-time averages, one integrates over the space-time volume from the initial proper-time (corresponding to the initial temperature ) to the final proper time (corresponding to the QCD critical temperature MeV).

Since at , , the momentum anisotropy for given is

 λ=2q⊥15T(τ)ξ(τ)coshη, (14)

and is dependent on , and . For a direct photon with GeV relevant to urHIC Adare:2008ab [], we can safely use the Boltzmann distribution for the gluons of energy in the local fluid rest frame, , rather than a full Bose distribution. Since quite generally the gluon energy required to produce a photon of energy in the lab increases with , the falloff of with limits the range of producing the photon. In integrating over space and time, we can (except when considering photons produced at forward or backward rapidities) thus extend the limits of the integral to . Because the range of responsible for polarization of a photon of given rapidity is limited, the rapidity distribution has a plateau about central rapidities; calculating the polarization at forward, or backward, rapidities requires keeping the upper, or lower, limit of finite.

With the estimate (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) in Eq. (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) and the assumption that and depend only on , we have for Compton scattering,

 r=120∫dτξQ\@fontswitchI−1(Q)∫dτ\@fontswitchI0(Q), (15)

where and

 \@fontswitchIn(Q)≡12∫+∞−∞dηe−Qcoshη(coshη)n. (16)

In terms of (the modified Bessel function of the second kind) and (the modified Struve function), we have , , and

For Bjorken flow with , the integrals in Eq. (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) can be easily done by changing variables from to . Figure 4 shows the resulting polarization asymmetry as a function of for three characteristic behaviors, , with = 0, 1/3, and 1. We carry out the integration for ; the result is, however, insensitive to the choice of lower end of the integral.

As Fig. 4 shows, (dashed lines) increases linearly with . The source of the linearity is that and in Eq. (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) have the same asymptotic behavior: ; thus in the limit , we obtain the analytic relation, . The integration over does not change this feature significantly. The polarization anisotropy measured with respect to the total direct photon yield can be written approximately as

 rtot(q⊥,Y=0)∼0.5fCξ0(q⊥2 GeV)(0.2 GeVT0), (17)

where is the fraction of the direct photons produced by Compton scattering, and is the ratio of the rates of unpolarized photon emission from Compton to pair annihilation; for massless quarks Kapusta-Gale [], . With , this ratio decreases with from 2.5 for = 5, where , to 1.4 for = 10, where . As Fig. 4 shows, (solid lines) decreases more slowly with due to the relative decrease of Compton photons. Moderate values of the averaged anisotropy, , give 10-40 %. As we saw earlier, calculating with finite quark masses will reduce this estimate by a factor .

Polarization asymmetry in non-central collisions: We next consider photon polarization at central rapidity in non-central collisions. We work in the usual frame in which the reaction plane is the - plane. A photon emerging at angle with respect to the axis can be polarized in the - plane (Fig. 3b) where the -axis is at angle to the x-axis. Allowing for momentum anisotropy in the transverse x-y plane in a non-central collision, we introduce the transverse momentum anisotropy parameter,

 ν=⟨^k2x⟩−⟨^k2y⟩. (18)

We assume that is diagonal in the present coordinate system. Then , , and .

If the photon is polarized along the -axis, then , and , so that the emission rate is [cf. (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions)],

 dR^y′dΓ=\@fontswitchA3(2−λ2+32νcos2ϕ). (19)

On the other hand, if the photon in the lab is polarized along the z-axis, with , and ; thus the emission rate is

 dR^zdΓ=\@fontswitchA3(2+(1−32v2)λ−32v2νcos2ϕ). (20)

To first order in and the polarization anisotropy of Compton photons [cf. (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions)] generalizes to

 r(q⊥,Y=0)=38(¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯λ(1−v2)−¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ν(1+v2)cos2ϕ). (21)

To estimate the polarization produced by the azimuthal anisotropy, we generalize Eq. (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) to , in terms of which and to leading order. Then averaging over space and time we find

 r=∫dτQ[ξ\@fontswitchI−1(Q)−ζcos2ϕ(2\@fontswitchI1(Q)−\@fontswitchI−1(Q))]20∫dτ\@fontswitchI0(Q). (22)

For scaling as together with the asymptotic form of , we obtain the same approximate formula as Eq. (Polarization of Direct Photons from Gluon Anisotropy in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions) with the replacement, . If is the same order as , the longitudinal and axial anisotropies lead to comparable photon polarization, and their relative contributions can be distinguished by the dependence of the polarization.

The anisotropy of the gluon distribution is reflected as well in the anisotropy of the local gluon stress tensor, . In terms of and , , and . The processes that give rise to anisotropy of the hydrodynamic evolution also give rise to photon polarization. Although the former depends on the anisotropy of the gluon distribution at lower momenta than does the direct photon polarization, the same parameters and enter.

Summary: As shown in this Letter, measurement of the polarization of direct photons in urHIC is a valuable probe of the anisotropy of the gluon distribution in the evolving quark-gluon plasma. The present estimates of the relation between the polarization anisotropy, , and the momentum anisotropies, and , suggest the feasibility of detecting the photon polarization in heavy-ion collisions, e.g., via the conversion of thermal photons to with subsequent measurement of the angular distribution of the lepton pairs exp-ack []. Optimal would be to look at lower transverse momenta, 1 GeV, where thermal photons dominate over the perturbative QCD background (see Fig. 4 of Ref. Adare:2008ab []), and simultaneously the opening angle of the converted lepton pair is not too small. A full analysis with an appropriate experimental setup is, however, beyond the scope of this paper.

In a future publication we will provide detailed calculations of the expected polarization distributions, with full kinematics of Compton scattering and pair annihilation, including detailed quark and antiquark distributions in the evolution of the collision BIHS []. Further topics to be addressed are a more complete treatment of the gluons including effects of initial gluon polarization, longitudinal gluons, and finite screening masses; polarization effects of virtual photons; and deviations from the plateau in polarization at forward and backward rapidities. A fully quantitative calculation of the polarization must also take into account the effects in Refs. Goloviznin:1997pf [], ipp [], and yee []. A better understanding of the origin of momentum anisotropy in terms of the kinetic evolution of non-equilibrium distributions from the initial state is also needed for a complete picture of polarization of direct photons in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions.

Acknowledgments

We both thank the RIKEN iTHES project for partial support during the course of this research. This research was also supported in part by NSF Grants PHY09-69790 and PHY13-05891, and JSPS Grants-in-Aid No. 25287066.

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