\phi-meson production in In-In collisions at E_{\rm lab}=158A GeV: evidence for relics of a thermal phase.

# ϕ-meson production in In-In collisions at Elab=158A GeV: evidence for relics of a thermal phase.

## Abstract

Yields and transverse mass distributions of the -mesons reconstructed in the channel in In+In collisions at =158 GeV are calculated within an integrated Boltzmann+hydrodynamics hybrid approach based on the Ultrarelativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) transport model with an intermediate hydrodynamic stage. The analysis is performed for various centralities and a comparison with the corresponding NA60 data in the muon channel is presented. We find that the hybrid model, that embeds an intermediate locally equilibrated phase subsequently mapped into the transport dynamics according to thermal phase-space distributions, gives a good description of the experimental data, both in yield and slope. On the contrary, the pure transport model calculations tend to fail in catching the general properties of the meson production: not only the yield, but also the slope of the spectra, very poorly compare with the experimental observations.

Monte Carlo simulations, Relativistic heavy-ion collisions, Particle and resonance production
###### pacs:
24.10.Lx, 25.75.-q, 25.75.Dw

## I Introduction

The production of mesons is considered to be one of the key observables to probe the state of matter produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Strangeness enhancement in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions compared to nucleon-nucleon collisions has been originally suggested as a possible signal for the formation of a deconfined plasma of quarks and gluons during the initial state of the reaction Rafelski:1982pu; Koch:1986ud; Shor:1984ui. The dominant production of pairs via gluon-gluon interaction in the plasma may result in an enhanced number of strange and multistrange particles produced after hadronization; in particular, free pairs would coalesce to form mesons Shor:1984ui, whereas their production in collisions is suppressed according to the Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka rule Okubo:1963fa; Zweig:1964; Iizuka:1966fk. It is moreover expected that mesons decouple from the rest of the system earlier than other non-strange hadrons. At RHIC energies, an early decoupling of the from the hadronic rescattering dynamics was found in Refs. Cheng:2003as and Hirano:2007ei. Similar conclusions were obtained with the RQMD cascade in vanHecke:1998yu for the baryons at SPS energies.

The dominant hadronic decay of the meson is ; additionally, being a neutral vector meson, the contributes to dilepton production via the direct decays and . Phi meson production was investigated extensively at the SPS by several experiments in the kaon (NA49 Afanasev:2000uu; Friese:2002re; Alt:2004wc; Alt:2008iv and CERES Adamova:2005jr), dielectron (CERES Adamova:2005jr), and dimuon (NA50 Alessandro:2003gyand NA60 Arnaldi:2009wr) channels. The reconstruction of in-matter decays, however, might be partially prevented by kaon absorption and rescattering Johnson:1999fv; Santini:2006cm; Filip:2001st and a priori a careful investigation of kaon final state interactions cannot be avoided in a quantitative comparison to experimental data. On the contrary, the dilepton channel is not affected by such a shortcoming: dileptons leave their production site essentially undistorted, and a comparison of model calculations to measurements in the dilepton channel is surely more straightforward. Recently, high statistics measurements of meson production in In-In collisions at =158 GeV have been presented by the NA60 Collaboration Arnaldi:2009wr. This reaction will be addressed in the present work.

To investigate production in In-In collisions at =158 GeV we employ an integrated Boltzmann+hydrodynamics hybrid approach based on the Ultrarelativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) transport model with an intermediate hydrodynamic stage. In this approach, initial conditions and continuous decoupling up to freeze-out are treated within a full non-equilibrium transport approach, whereas hydrodynamics is used to describe the intermediate equilibrated phase. This allows to reduce the parameters for the initial conditions and provides a consistent freeze-out description. Moreover, by comparing the hybrid approach to pure transport calculations, we are able to directly investigate the consequences that a dynamical approach involving local thermal and chemical equilibrium and one based on full non-equilibrium dynamics have on meson production.

The paper is structured in the following way: In Sec. II, we briefly discuss the hybrid model and present the procedure used to evaluate the emission and, consequently, reconstruct the meson. In Sec. III we present calculations for -meson transverse mass spectra as a function of centrality. The various contributions to the spectra associated with different stages of the reaction dynamics are shown and a comparison to the NA60 data is presented. Finally, a summary and conclusions are given in Sec. IV.

## Ii The model

### ii.1 The hybrid approach

To simulate the dynamics of the In+In collisions we employ a transport approach with an embedded three-dimensional ideal relativistic one fluid evolution for the hot and dense stage of the reaction based on the UrQMD model Petersen:2008dd. The present hybrid approach has been extensively described in Ref. Petersen:2008dd. Here, we limit ourselves to briefly describe its main features and refer the reader to Ref. Petersen:2008dd for details.

An input for the hydrodynamical calculation is the equation of state (EoS). In this work we employ a hadron gas equation of state, describing a non-interacting gas of free hadrons Zschiesche:2002zr. Included here are all reliably known hadrons with masses up to 2 GeV, which is equivalent to the active degrees of freedom of the UrQMD model.

### ii.2 Reconstruction of the phi meson in the dimuon channel

The reconstruction of the meson from the dimuon channel requires the evaluation of the emission. This is calculated perturbatively in the evolution stage that precedes or follows the hydrodynamical phase, and from thermal rates in the latter. In the following, the terms pre-equilibrium/pre-hydro (post-equilibrium/post-hydro), will be used to indicate the stage preceding (following) the mapping UrQMDhydrodynamical (hydrodynamicalUrQMD) evolution description. Note that in the pre- and post-hydro stages the particles are the explicit degree of freedom and their interactions are explicitly treated within the cascade transport approach.

#### Reconstruction from pre-equilibrium and post-equilibrium emission

Given the number of pairs emitted in decays, the number of meson reconstructed in the dimuon channel is

 Nrecϕ=Nϕμ+μ−/BRϕμ+μ−, (1)

where is the branching ratio. The latter is given by the ratio between the dimuon and the total width of the meson, i.e. . Thus,

 Nrecϕ=Nϕμ+μ− ΓϕtotΓϕμ+μ−. (2)

In the pre-equilibrium and post-equilibrium phase dimuon emission from the -meson can be calculated perturbatively as

 Nϕμ+μ−=Nϕ∑n∫τf(n)τi(n)Γϕμ+μ− dτ (3)

where now indicates the number of mesons present, in some stage of the evolution, in the system and () are the times at which the -th meson appeared in (disappeared from) the system and are evaluated in the meson rest-frame. This perturbative method is known as time integration method or “shining method” and has long been applied in the transport description of dilepton emission (see e.g. Li:1994cj; Vogel:2007yu; Schmidt:2008hm). Combining Eqs.(1)–(3) one has:

 Nrecϕ=Nϕ∑n∫τf(n)τi(n)Γϕtot dτ (4)

which expresses the fact that the number of reconstructed mesons is proportional to the typical life-time of the meson in the system.

Some considerations are now in order. During the pre-equilibrium phase, coincides with the time at which a meson is typically produced from a nucleon-nucleon scattering. With exception of some very rare almost instantaneous interaction, typically coincides with the time at which the hydrodynamical phase starts. In other words, the probability of dimuon emission in the pre-hydro stage is evaluated up to the moment mesons are merged into the hydrodynamical phase. From then on, emission will be treated as thermal.

In the post-equilibrium phase, coincides either with the time at which the transition from the hydrodynamical to the transport description is performed (for those mesons produced via the Cooper-Frye equation) or with the time at which a meson is produced from hadronic interactions still occurring in the cascade phase, as result of the fact that the whole system is not yet completely decoupled; is, in this case, the time at which the meson decays or eventually rescatters.

#### Reconstruction from equilibrated thermal emission

Thermal dimuon emission from the meson can be expected to be significantly smaller than the post-equilibrium emission, due to the fact that the lifetime of the fireball (7-10 fm) is much smaller than the (vacuum) lifetime of 44 fm. To determine the thermal dimuon production rate from -meson decays we observe that the mass of the meson (=1.019 GeV) is larger than the typical local temperature of the thermalized fireball, thus the particle number distribution function can be reasonably evaluated in Boltzmann approximation. Moreover, the meson being a very narrow resonance ( GeV and ), for simplicity we neglect its small width and approximate the mass distribution of the meson with a function (pole approximation).

In the Boltzmann and pole approximation the particle phase space distribution function is given by

 dNϕd3x d3q(q0;T(x,t))=3(2π)3 e−q0/T(x,t), (5)

where is the local temperature, the meson 4-momentum in the thermal frame and the dependence of the temperature from the (discretized) space-time point of the (3+1) grid has been explicitly indicated. The number of dimuons produced per unit phase space volume and unit time from decays is

 dNμ+μ−d4x d3q(q0;T(x,t))=dNϕd3x d3q Γϕμ+μ−γϕ(q0). (6)

Here is the dimuon width as defined in the meson rest-frame and is the Lorentz factor transforming from the meson to the thermal rest frame. The number of dimuons emitted per unit space-time volume can be obtained by integrating Eq. (6) over momentum. The integration can be performed analytically and one finds:

 dNμ+μ−d4x(T(x,t))=32π2 m2ϕ T(x,t) K1(mϕT(x,t))Γϕμ+μ−, (7)

where is the modified Bessel function of first order. The contribution of a single cell to the dimuon emission in the time step is therefore:

 (Nμ+μ−)cell=dNμ+μ−d4x(Tcell) Vcell Δt. (8)

The cell contribution to the dimuon emission is calculated according to the above expression. To compare with experimental data, dimuon momenta in the c.m. frame are then generated with a Monte Carlo procedure according to the distribution function

 dNμ+μ−d3x d3p∼mϕp0 fB(pνuνTcell) (9)

with the fluid cell 4-velocity and the boson distribution function.

The total dimuon yield from thermal mesons is obtained summing the above expression over all fluid cells and all time steps of the (3+1) grid that are spanned by the system during the hydrodynamical evolution until the transition criterium is reached. Let us express this summation symbolically as:

 Nϕμ+μ−=∫V⊂R4d4x  {32π2 m2ϕ T(x,t) K1(mϕT(x,t))Γϕμ+μ−}. (10)

The corresponding number of mesons reconstructed in the dimuon channel is then:

 Nrecϕ=∫V⊂R4d4x  {32π2 m2ϕ T(x,t) K1(mϕT(x,t))Γϕtot}. (11)

Before proceeding, we would like to make two considerations. The first one concerns an implication of the EoS used for the hydrodynamical evolution. As previously stated, a hadronic EoS has been used in the present work. This implies that dimuon emission from the meson is here evaluated during the whole hydrodynamical phase. In general, however, if a phase transition from quark-gluon to hadronic matter occurs, the hadronic thermal rate would be only a fraction of the total thermal rate. In this sense, the results presented in the next section on thermal dimuon emission from the meson should be regarded as an upper limit of the possible amount of dimuons indeed produced by mesons during the high temperature/high density stage of the heavy-ion collision.

The second consideration regards the validity of the pole approximation used. This approximation is justified as long as the meson maintains its properties of narrow resonance. In medium, the meson is expected to broaden, as suggested by hadronic many body calculations. If the amount of broadening is significant or/and the spectral function of the meson develops a complex “structured” shape in the medium, the pole approximation may loose validity. On a quantitative base, there is no general consensus on the specific amount of broadening of the meson spectral function to be expected in a high temperature/high density environment. Early evaluations of medium effects based on hadronic rescattering at finite temperature have indicated quite moderate changes of both the meson mass and width Ko:1993id; Haglin:1994ap; Haglin:1994xu; Smith:1997xu. In a subsequent calculation, collision rates in a meson gas have been estimated to amount to a broadening by 20 MeV at =150 MeV AlvarezRuso:2002ib. The dressing of the kaon cloud is presumably the main effect for modifications in nuclear matter, increasing its width by 25 MeV at normal nuclear density Cabrera:2002hc. In hot and baryon poor hadronic matter the in-medium properties of the have been schematically explored in Ref. Rapp:2000pe: the meson was found to retain its resonance structure and an in-medium width of 32 MeV at =(180,27) MeV was estimated. In a recent work Vujanovic:2009wr, the spectral density of the meson in a hot bath of nucleons and pions has been microscopically calculated from the forward scattering amplitude in a two component approach. The authors found a considerable broadening of the meson width, e.g., 100 MeV at saturation density and temperature MeV.

In fact, there is no visible evidence for a strong in-medium scenario for the meson from the NA60 data. For all the analyzed centrality bins, the measured invariant mass distribution can be described in terms of a vacuum-like spectral function and the extracted values for the mass and the width are compatible with the PDG values and independent of centrality. Of course, one should remind that the extraction of the in-medium modified component of the total dimuon emission from the experimental data is a non-trivial task, since this component would lie under the large unmodified peak produced from the decays occurring at the freeze-out. Certainly, the study of in-medium modifications of the meson properties is in itself an interesting research topic. However, in the present work will not address this issue and assume that also in-medium the resonance maintains its narrow width, so that the pole approximation is still valid. For the meson pole mass , moreover, the vacuum value will be used. In any case, as we will show below, from our analysis it emerges that the amount of ’s from thermal emission is by far smaller than the abundance from the cascade part, so that an eventual in-medium modification of the thermal rate will most likely not alter the results on the total transverse mass spectra discussed in the next section.

## Iii Results

In this section we investigate the relative abundances of production in the various stages of the system evolution and present results for meson invariant transverse mass spectra as a function of the collision centrality. Calculations for production in In-In collisions at =158 GeV have been performed for 5 centrality classes. In agreement with the treatment of the experimental data, each class was identified by the range of charged particle multiplicity in the pseudorapidity interval 34. The relation between a specific range of and the corresponding centrality bin was specified by the NA60 collaboration and can be found in Table 1 of Ref. Arnaldi:2009wr. The correspondence between the 5 ranges of and 5 ranges of impact parameters was obtained by the analysis of the charged particles obtained within the UrQMD hybrid model as a function of the impact parameter selected in the Monte Carlo simulation.

### iii.1 Relative abundances in the various evolution stages and mT spectra

First, let us investigate the relation between the amount of mesons reconstructed from and the stage of the evolution probed by the dimuon emission. We start by discussing separately and in detail results for the most central bin. Later, an analogous analysis is presented as function of centrality.

The contribution to the transverse mass spectra of those mesons emitting during the hydrodynamical and the cascade stage are separately shown in Fig.1. The emission from the hydrodynamic stage is found almost one order of magnitude smaller than the emission from the cascade. As already mentioned, this is due to the relative smallness of the duration of the hydrodynamical phase when compared to the cascade phase. Thus, the dominant contribution comes from the cascade stage. This stage contains pre- and post-equilibrium emission. However, as shown in Fig.2, the pre-equilibrium emission is negligible (two orders of magnitude smaller than the post-equilibrium emission) and will not be discussed further. The post-equilibrium emission can be divided in two categories: (i) the emission from particles produced via Cooper-Frye at the transition point and (ii) the emission from particles produced during the cascade (Fig. 2). In the first case, the particles have a momentum distribution that reflects the thermal properties of the transition point, although their dimuon decay occurs later in a non-thermal environment. In this sense, this copious emission, though not specifically thermal (i.e. not described by thermal rate equations) still carries information about the preceding thermal phase. It represents the most direct “remain” of the thermally equilibrated phase previously experienced by the system. The second contribution, on the contrary, can be labeled as a “purely cascade” one. This is the contribution of particles produced in the non-equilibrium environment on the way to final decoupling. This second contribution is characterized by steeper transverse mass spectra. the shape of the total spectra is found to be composed by the interplay of both emissions.

It is instructive to compare the hybrid model calculations to the pure cascade calculations, in which no assumption of an intermediate equilibrium phase is made. The comparison is presented in Fig. 3 (top) together with the experimental data. As one can see, the absence of an intermediate thermal phase results in a steepening of the transverse mass spectra not supported by the data. Moreover, the pure cascade calculation strongly underestimates the meson yield, a feature already emerged in recent independent investigations Alt:2008iv performed in relation to measurements obtained by the NA49 experiment. There, it was found that a statistical hadron gas model with undersaturation of strangeness Becattini:2005xt could account for the measured yields Alt:2008iv.

From this first analysis, we can conclude that, despite the smallness of the specifically thermal emission, the presence of the thermal phase is essential in order to obtain an appropriate yield and slope of the distributions from the cascade emission. In this sense, we speak about the presence of “thermal relics”.

An analogous analysis has been performed for the further 4 centrality bins and results are presented in Fig.4 and Fig.5. For all centrality classes the thermal rate from the hydrodynamic evolution is found to be much smaller than the cascade emission. With decreasing centrality, the pure cascade emission (dash-dotted line) becomes less and less important and the spectra is more and more determined by the emission from those mesons emerging from the thermal stage into the cascade at the transition point.

Finally, the meson transverse mass spectra calculated within the hybrid model for the 5 centrality classes considered are compared to NA60 data in Fig. 6. The hybrid model can account pretty well for both slope and yield in the first 4 centrality classes. Small deviations are observed for the utmost peripheral bin where, most likely, this kind of hybrid models are already at the limit of applicability. They rely on the assumption that an equilibrium phase is indeed reached, which for very peripheral reactions is at least questionable Petersen:2009zi.

Pure transport calculations fail however too in describing this very peripheral reaction (see Fig. 3, bottom), though the comparison with experimental data suggests that deviations of the resulting slope from the measured one are much smaller than the in the case of central collisions.

## Iv Summary and conclusions

In this work we employed an integrated Boltzmann+hydrodynamics hybrid approach based on the Ultrarelativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics transport model with an intermediate hydrodynamic stage to analyze -meson production in In+In collisions at =158 GeV from its reconstruction in the channel. We find that the hybrid model fairly describes yields and transversal mass spectra at various collision centralities. In particular, the analysis points out that the underlying assumption of the existence of an intermediate equilibrated phase seems to play an essential role in order to catch the main aspects of the physics emerging from the dimuon emission at top SPS energies.

###### Acknowledgements.
The authors acknowledge G. Torrieri for fruitful discussions and the NA60 Collaboration, M. Floris in particular, for providing the experimental data. This work was supported by BMBF, GSI, DFG and the Hessen Initiative for Excellence (LOEWE) through the Helmholtz International Center for FAIR (HIC for FAIR). We thank the Center for Scientific Computing for providing computational resources.

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