HRI-RECAPP-2015-013, MITP/15-043Pair Production of Scalar Leptoquarks at the LHC to NLO Parton Shower Accuracy

# Hri-Recapp-2015-013, Mitp/15-043 Pair Production of Scalar Leptoquarks at the LHC to NLO Parton Shower Accuracy

Tanumoy Mandal Regional Centre for Accelerator-based Particle Physics, Harish-Chandra Research Institute, Chhatnag Road, Jhusi, Allahabad 211 019, India High Energy Physics Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden    Subhadip Mitra Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500 032, India    Satyajit Seth PRISMA Cluster of Excellence, Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D - 55099 Mainz, Germany
###### Abstract

We present the scalar leptoquark pair production process at the LHC computed at the next-to-leading order in QCD, matched to the Pythia parton shower using the MC@NLO formalism. We consider the leading order decay of a leptoquark to a lepton ( or ) and a jet and observe the effects of parton shower on the final states. For demonstration, we display the kinametical distributions of a selection of observables along with their scale uncertainties for the 13 TeV LHC. We also present pair production cross sections and -factors using massless five-quark flavor scheme for different LHC center-of-mass energies. The complete stand-alone code is available online.

Leptoquark, Pair production, NLO computation, LHC
###### pacs:
14.80.Sv, 23.20.Ra, 12.38.-t
preprint: HRI-RECAPP-2015-013, MITP/15-043

## I Introduction

Leptoquark (LQ or ) is the generic name of bosons (scalars or vectors) that can couple to a quark and a lepton simultaneously. They appear in different beyond the Standard Model (BSM) scenarios like the models with quark lepton compositeness Schrempp:1984nj (), Pati-Salam models Pati:1974yy (), grand unified theories Georgi:1974sy (), the colored Zee-Babu model Kohda:2012sr (), -parity violating supersymmetric models Barbier:2004ez () etc. The LHC is looking for their signatures Aad:2011ch (); ATLAS:2012aq (); ATLAS:2013oea (); Aad:2015caa (); Chatrchyan:2012vza (); Chatrchyan:2012st (); CMS:zva (); Khachatryan:2014ura (); CMS:2014qpa (); Khachatryan:2015vaa (); CMS:2015kda ().

Recently, CMS has searched for the first two generations of scalar LQs at the 8 TeV LHC with 19.7 fb of integrated luminosity in two different channels – and  Khachatryan:2015vaa () (also see Refs. CMS:2014qpa () and CMS:zva ()) (we use to denote a charged lepton from the first two generations and for any charged lepton, i.e., and ). Considering only LQ pair production, the analysis puts 95% C.L. mass exclusion limits (ELs) on the first generation LQ at GeV for , where is the branching fraction for a LQ to decay to an electron-quark pair and denotes the mass of LQs. For the second generation, the corresponding limits are put at 1080 (760) GeV. CMS also excludes third generation LQs decaying to a and a -quark with up to 740 GeV CMS:2014qpa (). In the first generation search, mild excesses of events compared to the Standard Model (SM) background in both channels for LQs with mass around 650 GeV were observed. Currently, these excesses have attracted considerable attention in the literature Varzielas:2015iva (); Queiroz:2014pra (); Allanach:2015ria (); Dhuria:2015hta (); Allanach:2014nna (); Chun:2014jha (); Bai:2014xba (); Dutta:2015dka (); Evans:2015ita (); Dey:2015eaa (); Berger:2015qra ().

For the first generation LQ, a more stringent limit comes from ATLAS. With 20 fb of integrated luminosity at the 8 TeV LHC, ATLAS rules out first (second) generation LQs decaying to an (a ) and a jet with up to 1050 (1000) GeV Aad:2015caa (). For the third generation, ATLAS rules out LQs decaying to a -quark and a with up to 625 GeV whereas for LQs decaying to a -quark and a with the excluded range is between 210 and 640 GeV Aad:2015caa ().

Most of the experimental analyses use the fixed order (FO) result for the LQ pair production cross section computed at the next-to-leading order (NLO) of QCD Kramer:2004df (). At FO, contributions consist of real QCD emissions from the Born subprocesses and the interference between the Born diagrams and the one-loop corrected Born diagrams. However, to get a more realistic picture of the final state particles, one has to combine the FO NLO results with parton showers (PS) that consistently resum large logarithmic terms in the collinear limit, thereby expanding the coverage of the kinematical region. In this paper, we compute the pair production of scalar LQs at the NLO of QCD accuracy; i.e., we analyze the corrections to the following leading order (LO) partonic subprocess at the LHC,

 q¯qgg↘↗(ℓqℓq)↗→↘ℓj\raisebox6.45pt$⌢$ℓj\raisebox−6.45pt$⌣$ℓj\raisebox6.45pt$⌢$νj\raisebox−6.45pt$⌣$νj\raisebox6.45pt$⌢$νj\raisebox−6.45pt$⌣$⎫⎪⎬⎪⎭, (1)

where the curved connections above or below mark a pair of a lepton ( or ) and a jet () coming from the decay of a LQ, retaining all the spin-correlation effects at the LO accuracy and then we match the fixed order result with the Pythia PS. Computation of such multijet inclusive event samples is important to properly interpret experimental data.111Not only the PS but inclusion of other processes with similar final states can also affect the ELs significantly — see Ref. Mandal:2015vfa () to see how inclusive single production events in the pair production signal can affect the ELs significantly. Combining single and pair productions in signal simulations leads to a more realistic signal Belyaev:2005ew (); Mandal:2012rx () estimation in general. Compared to FO calculations, matching with the PS improves the accuracy of theoretical estimations of various kinematic distributions. These improved and more precise distributions can play a crucial role if advanced techniques like multivariate analysis are employed to separate LQ signal from SM background or differentiate LQs from other BSM candidate with similar signatures (like leptogluons for example).

While matching the FO NLO results with PS, we use the MC@NLO formalism Frixione:2002ik () that avoids double counting in the hard and collinear regions at the NLO level by adding suitable counterterms. As our NLO+PS computation is performed using the MadGraph5_aMC@NLO framework Alwall:2014hca (), it is flexible to any choice of cuts, scales, parton distribution functions (PDFs), etc. We use this paper to elaborate the details of the computation and demonstrate its reliability and applicability. Hence, it will facilitate the experimentalists to generate more realistic QCD NLO+PS level events in future.

## Ii NLO+PS Computation

We use the same parametrization as in Ref. Mandal:2015vfa () and consider the following simplified models for scalar LQs with electromagnetic charges, and respectively,

 LAint = λℓ(√ηL¯uRℓ+L+√ηR¯uLℓ+R)ℓq+λν¯dR~νℓLℓq (2) + H.c., LBint = λℓ(√ηL¯dRℓ−L+√ηR¯dLℓ−R)ℓq+λν¯uRνℓLℓq (3) + H.c.,

where,

 λ2ℓ=βλ2,λ2ν=(1−β)λ2, (4)

assuming there is no unknown decay mode of the LQs and there is no mixing among different generations. Here and are the charged lepton chirality fractions, i.e., gives the fraction of charged leptons coming from a LQ decay that are left handed (right handed). We set = 1 in our computation.222In general, the LHC is insensitive to this parameter. However, in case of a third generation LQ that couples to a -quark, it might be accessible via the spin of the -quark. By parameter rescaling, the above models could be connected easily to the ones generally found in the literature (see e.g., Refs. Blumlein:1992ej (); Hewett:1997ce ()).

For all three generations of LQs, we implement Model A in the FeynRules package Alloul:2013bka () together with the SM in order to collect all the tree level couplings and fields in Universal FeynRules Output (UFO) format. Then, we renormalize the Lagrangians to get rid of the UV divergences that appear in loop calculation. It is well known that any one-loop amplitude can be written as linear combinations of scalar tadpole, bubble, triangle and box integrals together with rational terms that come from the () part of a -dimensional integral. Within the framework of the Ossola, Papadopoulos, and Pittau (OPP) reduction technique Ossola:2006us (), the () part that originates form the denominator of the integrand is called the term, whereas the other rational term comes due to the () component of the numerator of such an integrand. We make use of the NLOCT package Degrande:2014vpa () to calculate the UV counterterms within the on-shell renormalization scheme and to determine the rational terms required for the OPP reduction. The terms can be calculated as a four-dimensional integration using a particular set of scalar integrals Ossola:2008xq (). Like Ref. Kramer:2004df (), we also neglect the lepton exchange diagram (see Fig. 1) that depends on the LQ-lepton-quark coupling () and contributes at in the cross section. For the first generation LQs, we estimated its contribution to be 10% of the LO QCD mediated contribution for as large as 0.5 at the 8 TeV LHC Mandal:2015vfa (). For higher generations, it would be even smaller because of the relative suppression of the initial PDFs. Hence, all our cross section estimations are essentially model independent and are equally applicable for Model B too. An analysis for the channel might also be used for a LQ with charge that couples to a -type (-type) quark and a charged lepton (but not to a neutrino) Mandal:2015vfa () as long as ’s are not distinguished. However, only for the third generation, we implement Model B separately since a -quark decays inside the detector and leaves very different signatures from the -quark.

As already mentioned, the complete computational setup for the NLO+PS correction of the LQ pair production is prepared under the automated MadGraph5_aMC@NLO environment Alwall:2014hca (). We use MadGraph5 Alwall:2011uj () for the Born level computations. The real emission corrections are computed with MadFKS Frederix:2009yq () which uses the subtraction scheme of Frixione, Kunszt, and Signer (FKS) Frixione:1995ms (). To evaluate the virtual contribution, we use MadLoop Hirschi:2011pa () which relies on the OPP reduction scheme. After the generation of NLO events, the decay of each LQ into a lepton-jet pair is organized by MadSpin Artoisenet:2012st (), which takes care of decays of heavy resonances preserving all spin information at the tree level accuracy. The NLO events, thus decayed, are then matched to the Pythia8 Sjostrand:2014zea () PS following the MC@NLO formalism Frixione:2002ik (). The interfacing between different packages is made automated in aMC@NLO Torrielli:2010aw ().

We fix the electroweak input parameters (i) GeV, (ii) GeV and (iii) in our computations. The electroweak mixing angle and the mass of the -boson are calculated from these three independent input parameters. For the PDFs we use MSTW(n)lo2008cl68 sets Martin:2009iq () that determine the value of strong coupling at (N)LO in QCD and use massless quark flavors, i.e., the bottom quark is also treated effectively as a massless quark, since its running mass decreases significantly as the hard scale increases. Unless otherwise stated, we set GeV with .

The central values of the renormalization () and factorization () scales are set equal to , the standard choice Kramer:2004df (); CMS:2014qpa (). To estimate the scale uncertainties of various observables, we set

 μR=μF=ζMℓq, (5)

with .

Events are generated with extremely loose cuts to get unbiased results. At the time of showering these events with Pythia8, jets are clustered using the anti- algorithm Cacciari:2008gp () with radius parameter . Before we present the NLO+PS results in the next section, we note two points in favor of the validity of our setup: (i) we find exact numerical cancellation between the double and single poles coming from the real and virtual parts and (ii) our FO NLO results are in extremely good agreement with the NLO results already available Kramer:2004df ().

## Iii Numerical Results

In Table 1, we compare the FO NLO cross sections and the -factors for 14 TeV LHC computed with CTEQ6(M/L1) PDFs Pumplin:2002vw () and massless quark flavors (i.e., the same scheme as in Ref. Kramer:2004df ()) with those obtained with our scheme. The numbers obtained with CTEQ PDFs can be compared directly with the ones shown in Table I of Ref. Kramer:2004df ().

In Fig. 2, we show the LQ pair production () cross sections computed with [Eq. (5)] for four different center-of-mass energies () at the LHC environment (8, 13, 33 and 100 TeV). The corresponding -factors are also shown in the lower panels. The cross sections (LO and NLO) can be fitted with the following fitting function to a very good accuracy,

 σ (in fb)∣∣∣μF=μR=Mℓq ≈ exp{2∑n=−2Cn(MℓqTeV)n},

where the coefficients are given in Table 2. These fits are valid for between 0.25 and 4 TeV for all the center-of-mass energies except TeV for which the range of validity is TeV TeV.

To show the effect of the PS over the NLO FO results, we plot the transverse momentum distribution, , of the LQ-pair in Fig. 3 for the 14 TeV LHC. The fixed order (NLO FO) distribution is shown by the dashed blue line, and the NLO matched with the parton shower (NLO+PS) result is shown with a solid brown line. The NLO FO result is divergent as and therefore it is necessary to match it with PS in order to get a reliable estimation of the cross section in this region. The converging behavior of the NLO+PS distribution in the low region indicates the correct resummation of the Sudakov logarithms in the collinear region, thereby leading to a notable Sudakov supression visible prominently in the log-log plot of Fig. 3. As expected, both of these results agree in the high region.

Since the analyses for the first two generations of LQs are very similar, in the next two figures, we present results of kinematic distributions of a selection of observables at (N)LO+PS accuracy only for the first generation. Note that, from here onward, we set the typical value of LHC center-of-mass energy to TeV unless specified otherwise and pass the Pythia events through the detector simulator Delphes 3.3.1 deFavereau:2013fsa () with the default CMS card to generate the distributions. To obtain the distributions, we apply the basic preselection kinematic cuts from the CMS analysis333These cuts are designed for the 8 TeV LHC. However, since they are only for the preselection, we use them to get the 13 TeV distributions for easy comparison.  CMS:2014qpa () to the final states:

1. exactly two electrons () with transverse momentum GeV and pseudorapidty excluding ,

2. two leading jets with GeV, GeV and ,

3. separation between an electron and a jet in the plane,

4. the invariant mass of the electron pair, GeV,

5. the scalar sum of the of the two electrons and the two leading jets, GeV,

6. the minimum of electron-jet invariant mass combinations, GeV, where, to form two -pairs out of final states, combination with the smaller difference between the two invariant masses () is considered.

Similarly, for the final states, we apply

1. exactly one electron with GeV and excluding ,

2. two leading jets with GeV, GeV and ,

3. the missing transverse energy, GeV,

4. azimuthal separation between the electron and the , ,

5. azimuthal separation between the hardest jet and the , ,

6. separation between the electron with the two leading jets in the plane, ,

7. the scalar sum of the of the electron, the and the two leading jets, GeV,

8. the electron-neutrino transverse mass, GeV,

9. the electron-jet invariant mass, GeV, in which the electron and the jet are picked out of that combination for which the difference between the electron-jet transverse mass and the neutrino-jet transverse mass is smaller.

To present the plots, we adopt a systematic graphical representation scheme: the main frame shows the kinematical distributions of an observable at LO+PS (dashed blue) and NLO+PS (solid brown) accuracy, the middle pad represents the ratio (-factor) of the NLO+PS result over the LO+PS result with a solid black line and in the lower inset, and we present the fractional scale uncertainties of corresponding observables [dashed blue (solid brown) for (N)LO+PS], defined by the ratio of their variation around the central scale.

In Fig. 4, we show the distributions for the channel. Our choice of variables is mainly motivated by the CMS analysis CMS:2014qpa () (ALTAS also uses similar variables Aad:2011ch ()). In addition to the of the hardest electron and jet [Figs. (a)a and (b)b], we show the distributions of , , (the average of electron-jet invariant mass combinations) and in Figs. (c)c, (d)d, (e)e and (f)f respectively. For the channel, we show the distributions in Fig. 5: (i) [Fig. (a)a], (ii) [Fig. (b)b], (iii) [Fig. (c)c], (iv) [Fig. (d)d], (v) [Fig. (e)e], and (vi) the neutrino-jet transverse mass [Fig. (f)f] where the combination with the smaller difference between the electron-jet transverse mass and the neutrino-jet transverse mass was considered.

For all the kinematical observables presented in Figs. 4 and 5, we observe that the NLO+PS distributions are substantially larger than the corresponding LO+PS results and the scale uncertainties are notably reduced at NLO+PS. Though not shown, we find no significant differences between the PDF uncertainties computed at the NLO+PS and LO+PS levels using Hessian method as suggested by the MSTW Collaboration Martin:2009iq ().

In Figs. (a)a and (b)b or (a)a and (b)b we find that in the high regions, there is no notable difference between NLO+PS and LO+PS; i.e., the -factor is close to 1 in those regions. This is because, while the or the of an electron or the leading jet increases, the extra emission at NLO tends to have smaller as the center of mass energy remains unaltered. A similar argument holds for Fig. (c)c or. (c)c. In the other distributions, the -factor is nearly constant in the regions shown; however with the increase in mass scale it comes down to 1 as it should.

For the third generation, as already mentioned, we have implemented both Model A and Model B in our code. Here, however, we only display the plots for Model A type LQs that decay either to -quarks and ’s or to -quarks and ’s. In Fig. (a)a, we show the number of hard (with GeV) electrons or muons in the events generated with . Notice, in this case there can be more than two charged leptons in the final states from decays like

 ℓq→tτ\raisebox6.45pt$⌢$→(b ^ℓ ν^ℓ)t−decay τ−decay(^ℓ ντ ν^ℓ) (7)

where the two light leptons ( or ) coming from the same LQ will have opposite charges. For a LQ with electric charge , they would carry the same charge but such a LQ would not couple to a and a -quark i.e., cannot be (as we have set here), in the absence of any unknown decay mode. This multilepton signature is unique for the third generation, as pair productions of the first two generations of LQs can produce only two hard leptons in the final state.

For the events where the LQs have decayed into -quarks and ’s we have plotted (see Fig. (b)b), defined as

 MR=√(|→p1|2+|→p2|)2−(p1z+p2z)2, (8)

where refers to the th ordered jet and its longitudinal component. It is an approximation of the razor mass used in Ref. Chatrchyan:2012st (), as we have used the first two hard jets instead of “pseudojets” (see Ref. Chatrchyan:2012st () for details). It is suitable for identifying a heavy resonance decaying into a jet and a weakly interacting neutral particle from the SM background. For our demonstration plot, we have selected events with no light charged lepton and GeV.

## Iv Conclusions

LQs were hypothesized a few decades back but mainly because of the failures of earlier LQ-searches at HERA and Tevatron, nowadays they receive much less attention than other BSM candidates. However, they are still relevant today (see e.g., Refs. Hiller:2014yaa (); Freytsis:2015qca (); Bauer:2015knc ()) and the LHC is actively looking for their signatures.

In this paper, we have taken another look at the NLO QCD corrections to the scalar LQ pair production process at the LHC and included the parton shower effects to obtain new NLO+PS accurate results. Our computation provides a reliable and completely automated code that goes beyond computing the NLO -factor by simulating signal events at the QCD NLO(+PS) level and improves the precision of various kinematic distributions. These precise distributions can play a crucial role in advanced techniques like multivariate analysis. The excellent agreement between our cross section computations with the available results demonstrates the reliability of our code. It is prepared using the MadGraph5_aMC@NLO framework and therefore, is flexible to the choice of energy, cuts, scales, PDFs, etc. We stress that our computations cover all three generations. The signatures of the pair productions of the first two generations of LQs are similar and mostly model independent, whereas for the third generation, they are different in nature. Our code can be used for LQs decaying to either a top quark or a bottom quark in association with a third generation lepton. The complete stand-alone code is available publicly at the website – http://amcatnlo.cern.ch. In addition, we have also provided -factors for a wide range of by means of fitting functions for four different LHC center-of-mass energies, 8, 13, 33, 100 TeV.

Finally, we note that sometimes searches for other BSM particles with similar final states are reinterpreted for LQ parameters. For example, in Ref. Chatrchyan:2012st (), a search for particles decaying to a -quark + final state is interpreted in terms of -squarks decaying to -quarks and ’s and third generation LQs decaying to -quarks and ’s. However, this could be misleading if the has large mass. With our code, such problems can be avoided by simulating the LQ signal precisely and independently.

## Acknowledgements

T.M. is supported by funding from the DAE, for the RECAPP, HRI and the Carl Trygger Foundation under Contract No. CTS-14:206 and the Swedish Research Council under Contract No. 621-2011-5107. S.M. thanks Pankaj Jain for his encouragements and kind hospitality at IIT Kanpur where a part of this work was carried out. S.S. would like to thank R. Frederix for helpful communications.

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