Overlap between Lattice QCD and HRG with in-medium effectsand parity doublingPresented at Strangeness in Quark Matter, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 10-15 July 2017

# Overlap between Lattice QCD and HRG with in-medium effects and parity doubling1

## Abstract

We investigate the fluctuations and correlations involving baryon number in hot hadronic matter with modified masses of negative-parity baryons, in the context of the hadron resonance gas. Temperature-dependent masses are adopted from the recent lattice QCD results and from a chiral effective model which implements the parity doubling structure with respect to the chiral symmetry. Confronting the baryon number susceptibility, baryon-charge correlation, and baryon-strangeness correlation and their ratios with the lattice QCD data, we show that the strong downward mass shift in hyperons can accidentally reproduce some correlation ratios, however it also tends to overshoot the individual fluctuations and correlations. This indicates, that in order to correctly account for the influence of the chiral symmetry restoration on the fluctuation observables, a consistent framework of in-medium effects beyond hadron mass shifts is required.

## 1 Introduction

Fluctuations and correlations of conserved charges provide diagnostic tools for the nature of strongly interacting matter described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). The first-principles calculations by lattice QCD (LQCD) have provided not only equation of state at the physical quark masses but also the fluctuations and correlations of the net-baryon, net-electric charge, and net-strangeness [1, 2, 3, Borsányi et al.(2010)Borsányi, Endrödi, Fodor, Jakovác, Katz, Krieg, Ratti, and Szabó, Bazavov et al.(2014a)Bazavov, Bhattacharya, Detar, Ding, Gottlieb, Gupta, Hegde, Heller, Karsch, Laermann et al., Bazavov et al.(2012a)]. The fluctuations and correlations can also be measured in heavy-ion collisions to identify the state of created matter. In particular, non-Gaussian (higher-order) fluctuations have been expected to probe critical properties of the system, such as the QCD critical point in the beam-energy scan program at RHIC and a remnant of the criticality at small baryon density [Ejiri et al.(2006)Ejiri, Karsch, and Redlich, Friman et al.(2011)Friman, Karsch, Redlich, and Skokov].

For a physical interpretation of the thermodynamic properties, the hadron resonance gas (HRG) model [Braun-Munzinger et al.(2004)Braun-Munzinger, Redlich, and Stachel, 4] has been used as a reference. The equation of state and fluctuations have been well described by the model below the chiral crossover temperature MeV [Karsch and Redlich(2011), Bazavov et al.(2012b)Bazavov, Bhattacharya, Cheng, DeTar, Ding, Gottlieb, Gupta, Hedge, Heller, Karsch et al.], and the experimental data of fluctuations have been analyzed in terms of a gas of hadronic states [Garg et al.(2013)Garg, Mishra, Netrakanti, Mohanty, Mohanty, Singh, and Xu, 5, Braun-Munzinger et al.(2015)Braun-Munzinger, Kalweit, Redlich, and Stachel, Karsch et al.(2015)Karsch, Morita, and Redlich]. At vanishing baryon density, the critical behavior due to the chiral phase transition appears at the sixth order of net-baryon fluctuations [Friman et al.(2011)Friman, Karsch, Redlich, and Skokov]. This is because the singular contribution to the free energy is suppressed in the lower-order fluctuations even in the vicinity of the expected second order transition. Therefore, one expects that the lower order fluctuations and correlations may be well described by the hadronic degrees of freedom, and they would provide a reliable baseline for exploring the critical behavior [Ejiri et al.(2006)Ejiri, Karsch, and Redlich].

According to the recent LQCD calculations, however, some correlations between conserved charges cannot be explained by a conventional HRG model. Particularly interesting quantities are those involving net-baryon number, baryon-charge (BQ) and baryon-strangeness (BS) correlations. Since mesons do not contribute to these quantities, one may gain access to a role of baryonic degrees of freedom and interactions which are not visible in the equation of state and other meson-dominated quantities due to their heavy masses [6].

In the HRG model the interaction of hadrons is replaced by resonances, and in the first approximation their widths can be neglected. Then, the partition function of the interacting hadronic system can be written as a mixture of free gases of all stable and resonant hadrons [Dashen et al.(1969)Dashen, Ma, and Bernstein]. The validity of the vanishing-width approximation for the fluctuations has been recently examined based on the S-matrix formalism for [Friman et al.(2015)Friman, Lo, Marczenko, Redlich, and Sasaki] and [Lo et al.(2017)Lo, Friman, Marczenko, Redlich, and Sasaki] systems. It has been found that an explicit treatment of the width can have a substantial effect on the fluctuations.

On the other hand, at finite temperature and density one expects changes in the spectral property of hadrons. In particular, a search for those modifications because of the partial restoration of the QCD chiral symmetry has been one of the central subjects in heavy-ion collisions [Hayano and Hatsuda(2010)]. Since the vacuum masses are used in the HRG model, the observed agreement of the equation of state in the HRG and LQCD suggests no need for a strong mass reduction in the dominant degrees of freedom such as light mesons. Although chiral symmetry predicts substantial medium modifications of low-lying mesons [Hatsuda et al.(1993)Hatsuda, Koike, and Lee, Hohler and Rapp(2014)], their reliable estimates in LQCD have been limited to the screening masses [Maezawa et al.(2016)Maezawa, Karsch, Mukherjee, and Petreczky].

Recently, masses of the non-strange and strange baryons with positive and negative parity have been extracted from the temporal correlation functions by the FASTSUM collaboration [Aarts et al.(2017)Aarts, Allton, De Boni, Hands, JÃ¤ger, Praki, and Skullerud, Aarts(2017)]. The negative-parity states clearly show downward mass shifts, whereas the positive-parity baryons stay insensitive to temperature. The obtained spectra follow an expectation from the parity doublet picture of the chiral symmetry, indicating that the masses of a negative- and positive-parity partners tend to degenerate when approaching the chiral crossover. The above medium modification was used to possibly explain a missing contribution in the correlations between the conserved charges [Aarts(2017)].

In the following we investigate the fluctuations and correlations of the net-baryon with net-charge and net-strangeness on the basis of the HRG model implementing in-medium mass modifications. We employ temperature dependent masses of the negative-parity octet and decouplet baryons from the lattice QCD and from a chiral effective model with parity doubling [Sasaki(2017)]. We show that the strong downward mass shift in hyperons can accidentally reproduce some correlation ratios, however it also tends to overshoot the individual fluctuation and correlation observables. This indicates that to quantify fluctuation and correlation of conserved charges in the presence of chiral symmetry restoration it is not sufficient to implement in-medium hadron masses in the statistical sum of the hadron resonance gas.

## 2 Baryon masses in parity doublet picture

### 2.1 Lattice QCD

The FASTSUM collaboration presented the temperature dependent masses of , , and states, extracted from imaginary time correlators of the corresponding interpolating operators in lattice simulations  [Aarts et al.(2017)Aarts, Allton, De Boni, Hands, JÃ¤ger, Praki, and Skullerud]. Their calculations were performed for heavier light-quark mass than the physical one; MeV, while the strange quark is set to the physical one. Thus, the mass of baryons except are heavier than the physical ones. This yields the nucleon with positive parity has MeV (939 MeV in PDG), while the positive parity has MeV (1672 MeV in PDG). The results of other octet and decuplet states have been shown in [Aarts(2017)]. Here we use the masses at , , , and . Note that owing to the heavier pion mass, the crossover temperature MeV, which was determined from the renormalized Polyakov loop, is also higher than the physical one, MeV.

In Table 1, we list the masses of the octet and decuplet negative-parity states at . They are well parameterized, for the given the state , by [Aarts et al.(2017)Aarts, Allton, De Boni, Hands, JÃ¤ger, Praki, and Skullerud, Aarts(2017)] {align} M_-^i(T) &= M_-^i(T=0)ω(T,b_i) + M_-^i(T_c)(1-ω(T,b_i))
ω(T,b_i)&= tanh[(1-T/T_c)/b_i] / tanh(1/b_i) where is fixed to be the value obtained at and and are the fitting parameters fixed for each channel. The data are given as a function of ; the value of does not affect the fit but later it is set to the physical value 154 MeV. The parameter corresponds to the width of the chiral crossover. The results of the fits are shown in Table 1.

To correct the unphysical effect from the heavy up and down quarks, is set to its PDG mass in the following. The value of needs to be corrected as well, and we shall re-scale it by multiplying the factor with .

It is not clear how to assign the negative-parity states to the observed ones because of unknown quantum numbers of some of the candidates. We follow the suggestion in [Aarts(2017)] and further adopt two different assignments, A and B. The set A takes the lighter state for , , and while the set B does the heavier ones.

The obtained temperature-dependent masses are displayed in Figs. 1 and 2. The masses of negative-parity states start to drop around , then approach those of their positive-parity partners. In comparing the non-strange baryons with the hyperons, one finds the correction of significantly affects the baryons with more light quarks, as expected.

### 2.2 Chiral model

The parity-doubled baryons can be modeled in an effective chiral approach [Detar and Kunihiro(1989)], where a chiral-invariant mass is naturally introduced. In [Sasaki(2017)], the mass relations to the light quark and strange quark condensates are given for the octet and decuplet states as 2

 mN± = Missing dimension or its units for \hskip mΣ± = (aN∓bN)(2σq+√2σs)+mN0+m1,  mΣ∗±=(aΔ∓bΔ)(2σq+√2σs)+mΔ0+ms mΛ± = (aN∓bN)(2σq+√2σs)+mN0+m3,  mΞ∗±=(aΔ∓bΔ)(σq+2√2σs)+mΔ0+2ms mΞ± = (aN∓bN)(σq+2√2σs)+mN0+m2,  mΩ±=(aΔ∓bΔ)3√2σs+mΔ0+3ms. (1)

The parameters are related via the Gell-Mann–Okubo relation as

 m1=2m2−3m3. (2)

The parameters in the above expressions are determined at zero temperature as in Table 2.

The masses at are also summarized in Table 1. Thermal modifications of the baryon masses are driven by the quark condensates. Following [Sasaki(2017)], we shall use the in-medium condensates measured in LQCD by the HotQCD collaboration [Bazavov et al.(2012b)Bazavov, Bhattacharya, Cheng, DeTar, Ding, Gottlieb, Gupta, Hedge, Heller, Karsch et al.]. One readily finds that some of the hyperon states have larger masses than those expected from the lattice baryon-spectrum in [Aarts et al.(2017)Aarts, Allton, De Boni, Hands, JÃ¤ger, Praki, and Skullerud, Aarts(2017)]. Thus, we assign these hyperons to the PDG states as in the bottom line of Table 1 and refer to set C. For a comparison with LQCD, we also apply the set C to the lattice-motivated parametrization \eqrefeq:fit.

The non-strange baryons exhibit the thermal behavior as in Fig. 1. To some extent, their trends are similar to the results by the FASTSUM collaboration, whereas the parametrization (1) leads to a sizable difference in the mass dropping near . This is particularly evident when the re-scaling of is made.

Figure 3 displays the mass of the hyperons in the assignment C. The most distinct difference from the non-strange baryons lies in the mass of the hyperons near ; the model calculation shows a rather moderate downward-shift, while the lattice QCD results lead to a strong mass drop. Comparing (), , and states between the model and the lattice-inspired scaling, one clearly finds that the difference becomes more significant as the baryon contains more strangeness. This may be attributed to the difference in the masses between the light and strange quarks ; The FASTSUM setup with a large pion mass MeV and the physical kaon mass is rather close to the flavor SU(3) limit, while the model calculation done with the physical pion mass is dominated by SU(2). Therefore, it will be intriguing to see whether the strong mass reduction of and would still persist in the lattice simulations with a lighter pion.

## 3 Fluctuations and correlations from in-medium HRG

We employ the hadron resonance gas model to explore the fluctuations and correlations in the hot hadronic matter. In this work we entirely rely on the zero-width approximation; all the resonances are treated as point-like particles and their spectral functions are given by the delta function. Consequently, the thermodynamic pressure at temperature and chemical potentials is given by the summation of ideal gas pressure of each particle species as

 pHRG(T,μB,μQ,μS)=∑i=hadronsp% ideal(T,μi;mi) (3)

where is the chemical potential of particle with baryon number , electric charge , and strangeness and the ideal gas pressure with degeneracy reads

 pideal(T,μ;m)=∓dT2π2∫∞0dpp2ln[1∓e−(√p2+m2−μ)/T]. (4)

The signs are negative for mesons and positive for baryons. The fluctuations and the correlations at vanishing chemical potentials can be expressed as the generalized susceptibilities

 χBQSijk≡∂i+j+kpHRG/T4∂i(μB/T)∂j(μQ/T)∂k(μS/T) (5)

Although heavy particles () are thermally suppressed, the existence of missing states are expected likely in the strange sectors [Bazavov et al.(2014b)Bazavov, Ding, Hegde, Kaczmarek, Karsch, Laermann, Maezawa, Mukherjee, Ohno, Petreczky et al., Lo et al.(2015)Lo, Marczenko, Redlich, and Sasaki]. In fact, the assignment C in Table 1 contains several 1-star states whose spins are undetermined in the latest PDG [Patrignani et al.(2016)]. For those state we shall assume the same spin with its partner. For consistency we also include other unconfirmed state; we have in total 28 nucleons, 22 baryons, 18 baryons, 21 baryons, 8 baryons, 3 baryons, and their isospin multiplets. We also include a deuteron, triton, He and He as they are considered to be thermal ingredients in QCD thermodynamics and heavy ion collisions [4].

In this work we focus on , , and at . Since , mesons do not contribute to these susceptibilities. Thus they are good measures of in-medium effects in the baryon sector on the QCD thermodynamics. In general, particle masses in a medium can depend not only on temperature but also on chemical potentials. We neglect such an intrinsic chemical-potential dependence in the baryon masses in the present calculations. This is well justified at small chemical potential since the quark condensates are not much affected.

We display , , and in Fig. 4. In the baryon number susceptibility , the HRG model agrees with the LQCD results below . 3 With the in-medium mass shift, a decrease in the negative-parity baryon masses lead to an enhancement of the susceptibility. One sees a moderate enhancement in all the three scenarios, Lattice (A) (B) and (C), and it becomes stronger when is corrected, since the correction further reduces the masses just below . On the other hand, the different assignments of the parity-partners lead to a minor change. The results with the masses from the chiral effective model follows the same trend, but the amount of the enhancement is much smaller than the -parameterization, owing to the weaker downward mass shifts in the hyperon sectors (see Fig. 3.) In any case, all the results with mass reduction overshoot the lattice data of .

The shows a different tendency in Fig. 4(b); the results of Lattice (A)-(C) without the correction of do not exhibit any enhancement from the HRG, even below the “Model” result. In the , states do not contribute because neutral particles do not contribute and the positively-charged states cancel with the negatively-charged states. Charged states and doubly charged states contribute positively, while negatively-charged , and states contribute oppositely. Without a strong mass-shift of these multi-strange states, the becomes larger due to the smallness of the hyperon contribution suppressed by the Boltzmann factor, as in the “Model” case. With the strong mass shift of the hyperons, they tend to cancel a part of the positive contribution, and suppress the . The strong enhancement with the corrected clearly signals that the effect of the correction is smaller for states and larger for and states, as seen in Figs. 1-3.

The behavior of in Fig. 4(c) can be understood in a similar way to the ; the “Model” result does not differ much from the HRG, because of a weaker mass reduction. Owing to the different trend in the hyperon sectors, the curves deviate more sensitively depending on the fate of the masses.

The observed differences can be more pronounced by taking the ratio between the susceptibilities. In Fig. 5(a), we display the together with the LQCD data. The results from Lattice (A) and (B) reproduce the one shown in [Aarts(2017)]; they follows the trend seen in the HotQCD data. As explained above, however, the individual susceptibilities cannot be reproduced. The coincidence comes from the reduction of owing to the strong mass reductions in the charge asymmetric states. The “Model” case shows the opposite trend that the ratio is above the HRG, due to the much milder mass-reduction in the hyperon sectors. Therefore, the data cannot be explained solely by the mass reduction.

Also shown in Fig. 5(b) is the . Again, while the sets (A) and (B) follow the trend of the HotQCD data, the “Model” shows the opposite. This supports the observation that naive insertion of the in-medium masses of parity doublers into the HRG results in fluctuation observables which are inconsistent with LGT data. Nevertheless, our results do not rule out the manifestation of parity doublers. Several studies [Friman et al.(2015)Friman, Lo, Marczenko, Redlich, and Sasaki, Lo et al.(2017)Lo, Friman, Marczenko, Redlich, and Sasaki] have revealed that the conventional treatment of the particles in the HRG is not sufficient and a proper inclusion of the width improves the thermodynamics. Although those analysis have been limited to the matrix approaches where interactions are incorporated via the two-body scattering phase shift in the vacuum, a consistent treatment of the resonance widths at finite temperature and densities should clarify the consequences of the partial restoration of the chiral symmetry in the baryonic sector of correlations and fluctuations.

## 4 Concluding remarks

We have studied the fluctuations and correlations of conserved charges by making use of the hadron resonance gas model with in-medium masses of the low-lying parity-doubled baryons. Motivated by the recent LQCD result on the baryon masses at finite temperature, we have examined the consequences of several scenarios with in-medium masses for the negative-parity octet and decouplet baryons, adopting a lattice-motivated parametrization and that from a chiral effective theory. We have computed the baryon number fluctuation , baryon-charge correlation , and baryon-strangeness correlation . The results have been understood on the basis of the presence or absence of the strong mass reduction in the hyperon sectors. We have pointed out that the reproduction of the LQCD results of the ratios and is just accidental when the in-medium masses are naively introduced in the conventional HRG approach. Since the strong mass shifts of the hyperons observed in LQCD can be regarded as a consequence of the approximate SU(3) nature due to a heavy pion mass, it is a critical issue to be examined whether the hyperon mass-shift persists for the physical pion mass.

Although our results clarify the interplay of the different particle species in the behavior of the baryon-charge and baryon-strangeness correlations, we emphasize that the treatment of the resonances in the conventional HRG model is insufficient to quantify correlation and fluctuations of conserved charges. This indicates, that in order to correctly account for the influence of the chiral symmetry restoration on the fluctuation observables, a consistent framework of in-medium effects beyond hadron mass shifts is required.

### Acknowledgments

We acknowledge stimulating discussions with Gábor Almási and Bengt Friman. This work has been partly supported by the Polish Science Center NCN under Maestro grant 2013/10/A/ST2/00106 and RIKEN iTHES project.

### Footnotes

1. thanks: Presented at Strangeness in Quark Matter, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 10-15 July 2017
2. In [Sasaki(2017)] the same was assumed common to the octet and decuplet baryons. Here we lift this constraint and introduce two independent masses. Their splitting can be deduced from the spin-spin interaction.
3. The present HRG leads to a slightly larger than the conventional one because of including the 1-star states and the multi-baryons.

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