On the Performance of X-Duplex Relaying

# On the Performance of X-Duplex Relaying

Shuai Li, Mingxin Zhou, Jianjun Wu, Lingyang Song,
Yonghui Li, and Hongbin Li
School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science,
Peking University, Beijing, China
(E-mail: shuai.li.victor, mingxin.zhou, just, lingyang.song, lihb@pku.edu.cn)
School of Electrical and Information Engineering,
The University of Sydney, Australia
(E-mail: yonghui.li@sydney.edu.au)
This work has been partially accepted by IEEE ICC 2016 [1].
###### Abstract

In this paper, we study a X-duplex relay system with one source, one amplify-and-forward (AF) relay and one destination, where the relay is equipped with a shared antenna and two radio frequency (RF) chains used for transmission or reception. X-duplex relay can adaptively configure the connection between its RF chains and antenna to operate in either HD or FD mode, according to the instantaneous channel conditions. We first derive the distribution of the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), based on which we then analyze the outage probability, average symbol error rate (SER), and average sum rate. We also investigate the X-duplex relay with power allocation and derive the lower bound and upper bound of the corresponding outage probability. Both analytical and simulated results show that the X-duplex relay achieves a better performance over pure FD and HD schemes in terms of SER, outage probability and average sum rate, and the performance floor caused by the residual self interference can be eliminated using flexible RF chain configurations.

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On the Performance of X-Duplex Relaying

Shuai Li, Mingxin Zhou, Jianjun Wu, Lingyang Song,

Yonghui Li, and Hongbin Li

School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science,

Peking University, Beijing, China

(E-mail: shuai.li.victor, mingxin.zhou, just, lingyang.song, lihb@pku.edu.cn)

School of Electrical and Information Engineering,

The University of Sydney, Australia

(E-mail: yonghui.li@sydney.edu.au)

00footnotetext: This work has been partially accepted by IEEE ICC 2016 [1].

Index Terms

Full duplex, amplify-and-forward relaying, mode selection, power allocation.

## I Introduction

Full-duplex (FD) enables a node to receive and transmit information over the same frequency simultaneously [2]. Compared with half-duplex (HD), FD can potentially enhance the system spectral efficiency due to its efficient bandwidth utilization. However, its performance is affected by the self interference caused by signal leakage in FD radios [3]. The self interference can be suppressed by using digital-domain [4, 5, 6], analog-domain [7, 8, 9] and propagation-domain methods [10, 11, 12]. However, the residual interference still exists due to imperfect cancellation [13, 14].

Recently, FD technique has been deployed into relay networks [15, 16]. The capacity trade off between FD and HD in a two hop AF relay system is studied [17], where the source-relay and the self interference channels are modeled as non-fading channels. The two-hop FD decode-and-forward (DF) relay system was analyzed in terms of the outage event, and the conditions that FD relay is better than HD in terms of outage probability were derived in [18]. The work in [19] analyzed the outage performance of an optimal relay selection scheme with dynamic FD/HD switching based on the global channel state information (CSI). In [20], the authors analyzed the multiple FD relay networks with joint antenna-relay selection and achieved an additional spatial diversity than the conventional relay selection scheme.

Though FD has the potential to achieve higher spectrum efficiency than HD, HD outperforms FD in the strong self interference region. The work in [21] proposed the hybrid FD/HD switching and optimized the instantaneous and average spectral efficiency in a two-antenna infrastructure relay system. For the instantaneous performance, the optimization is studied in the case of static channels during one instantaneous snapshot within channel coherence time and the distribution of self interference is not considered. For the average performance, the self interference channel is modelled as static. The outage probability and ergodic capacity for two-way FD AF relay channels were investigated while the self interference channels are simplified as additive white Gaussian noise channels in [22]. In practical systems, the residual self interference can be modeled as the Rayleigh distribution due to multipath effect[23, 20, 19]. In this case, the analysis becomes a non-trivial task.

In this paper, we consider a FD relay system consisting of one source node, one AF relay node and one destination node. Different from existing works on FD relay with predefined RX and TX antennas, in our paper, the relay node is equipped with an adaptively configured shared antenna, which can be configured to operate in either transmission or reception mode [24, 28, 25, 26, 27]. The shared antenna deployment can use the antenna resources more efficiently compared with separated antenna as only one antenna set is adopted for both transmission and reception simultaneously [28, 29]. One shared-antenna is more suitable to be deployed into small equipments, such as mobile phone, small sensor nodes, which is essentially different from separated antennas in terms of implementation [21]. The relay can select between FD and HD modes to maximize the sum rate by configuring the relay node with a shared antenna based on the instantaneous channel conditions. We refer to this kind of relay as a X-duplex relay.

First, the asymptotic CDF of the received signal at the destination of the X-duplex relay system is calculated, then, the asymptotic expressions of outage probability, average SER and average sum rate are derived and validated by Monte-Carlo simulations. We show that the X-duplex relay can achieve a better performance compared with pure FD and HD modes and can completely remove the error floor due to the residual self interference in FD systems. To further improve the system performance, a X-duplex relay with adaptive power allocation (XD-PA) is investigated where the transmit power of the source and relay can be adjusted to minimize the overall SER subject to the total power constraint. The end-to-end SINR expression is calculated and a lower bound and a upper bound are provided. The diversity order of XD-PA is between one and two.

The main contributions of this paper are listed as follows:

1) The X-duplex relay with a shared antenna is investigated in a single relaying network, which can increase the average sum rate.

2) Taking the residual self interference into consideration, the CDF expression of end-to-end SINR of the X-duplex relay system is derived.

3) The asymptotic expressions of outage probability, average SER and average sum rate are derived based on the CDF expression and validated by simulations.

4) Adaptive power allocation is introduced to further enhance the system performance of the X-duplex relay system. A lower bound and an upper bound of the outage probability of XD-PA are derived and the diversity order of XD-PA is analyzed.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: In Section II, we introduce the system model and X-duplex relay. In Section III, the outage probability, the average SER and the average sum rate of the X-duplex relay system are derived and a lower bound and a upper bound of the end-to-end SINR of XD-PA are provided. Simulation results are presented in Section IV. We draw the conclusion in Section V.

## Ii System Model

As shown in Fig. 1, we consider a system which consists of one source node (S), one destination node (D), and one AF relay node (R). We assume the direct link from S to D is strongly attenuated and information can only be forwarded through the relay node. In this network, all nodes operate in the same frequency and each of them is equipped with one antenna. Node R is equipped with one transmit (TX) and one receive (RX) RF chains which can receive and transmit signal over the same frequency simultaneously[25]. In the X-duplex relay, node R can adaptively switch between the FD and HD modes according to the residual self interference between the two RF chains of the relay node and the instantaneous channel SNRs between the source/destination node and relay node. In this paper, all the links are considered as block Rayleigh fading channels. We assume the channels remain unchanged in one time slot and vary independently from one slot to another. The derivation of end-to-end SINR of FD and HD mode is similar to the discussions in the earlier works[16, 21].

### Ii-a End-to-End SINR

In the FD mode, both RX and TX chains at node R are active at the same time. The signal received at node R is given as

 yr=h1√PSx+hRI√PRxr+n1, (1)

where denotes the channel between source and relay, is the residual self interference of relay R. and denote the transmit signal of the source and relay. and are the transmit powers of the source and relay node. is the zero-mean-value additive white Gaussian noise with the power .

AF protocol is adopted at relay R and the forwarding signal at the relay R can be written as

 xr=βf⋅yr, (2)

where denotes the power amplification factor satisfying

 E[|xr|2]=βf2(|h1|2PS+|hRI|2PR+σ2)≤1, (3)

where

 βf2=1|h1|2PS+|hRI|2PR+σ2. (4)

The received signal at the destination D is given by

 yd=h2√PRxr+n2, (5)

where denotes the channel between relay and destination, and is the zero-mean-value additive white Gaussian noise with power .

The end-to-end SINR of FD mode can be expressed as

 γF=PSPR|h1|2|h2|2βf2PR2|h2|2|hRI|2βf2+PR|h2|2βf2σ2+σ2, (6)

using (II-A) , the SINR can be further simplified as

 γF=PSPRγ1γ2PSγ1+(PRγ2+1)(PRγR+1)=X1PRγ2X1+PRγ2+1, (7)

where ,, denote the respective channel SNRs and .

In the HD mode, the relay R receives the signal from the source at the first half of a time slot, and it is given by

 yr=h1√PSx+n1, (8)

At second half of a time slot, relay R transmits the received signal to the destination D with AF protocol. The received signal at destination D is given by

 yd = h2√PRxr+n2, (9) xr = βhyr, (10)

where is the amplification factor. Under transmit power constraint at relay R, can be expressed as

 βh2=1|h1|2Ps+σ2. (11)

At destination D, the end-to-end SINR is thus given by

 γH=PSPRγ1γ2PSγ1+PRγ2+1. (12)

The instantaneous SNRs , are modeled as the exponential random variable with respective means and . In the X-duplex relay system, the self interference at relay is mitigated with effective self interference cancellation techniques [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. The residual self interference at relay is assumed to follow the Rayleigh distribution[5]. At the relay R, the SNR of residual self interference follows the exponential distribution with mean value . The residual self interference level is denoted as . As the source signal might behave as interference to the self interference cancellation in active self interference cancellation schemes, the value of might vary with . If only passive cancellation is applied, might be independent to . In this paper, is merely used to denote the ratio of the average power of residual self interference and received signal at relay , and is not assumed to be constant.

### Ii-B X-duplex Relay

The HD mode outperforms the FD mode in the severe self interference region. To optimize the system performance, we consider a X-duplex relay which can be reduced to either FD or HD with different RF chain configurations based on the instantaneous SINR. The CSI of the self interference can be measured by sufficient training [30][31]. The CSI of and can be obtained through pilot-based channel estimation. We also assume that reliable feedback channels are deployed, therefore the CSIs can be transmitted to the decision node.

The system’s average sum rate under FD and HD modes can be expressed as

 RFD=log2(γF+1),RHD=log2(√γH+1), (13)

where , denotes the SINR of the FD and HD modes, respectively.

To maximize the instantaneous sum rate, the instantaneous SINR of X-duplex relay can be given by

 γmax=max{γF,√γH+1−1}. (14)

In order to further optimise the system performance, we introduce the adaptive power allocation (PA) in the X-duplex relay to maximize the relay system’s end-to-end SINR subject to the total transmit power constraint, . The optimal PA scheme for FD mode and HD mode based on the instantaneous CSIs is given by[21]

 PS,FD_PA=√Pγ1+1√Pγ1+1+√(Pγ2+1)(PγR+1)P,PS,HD_PA=√Pγ1+1√Pγ1+1+√Pγ2+1P, (15)

Based on (II-C), the respective end-to-end SINR of FD and HD modes with PA are derived as

 γfd_pa=P2γ1γ2P(γ1+γ2+γR)+2+2√(Pγ1+1)(Pγ2+1)(PγR+1), γhd_pa=P2γ1γ2P(γ1+γ2)+2+2√(Pγ1+1)(Pγ2+1). (16)

Therefore, the instantaneous SINR of X-duplex relay with PA can be given by

 γxd_pa=max{γfd_pa,√γhd_pa+1−1}. (17)

## Iii Performance Analysis

In this section, we present the CDF of the X-duplex relay and analyze the performance of the X-duplex system, including the outage probability, SER and the average sum rate. The derived expressions of performance of X-duplex with one shared antenna are essentially equivalent to the conventional system with two separated antennas [21].s

###### Lemma 1

The asymptotic complementary CDF of is given by

 Pr(γF>x)≈β11+ηxK1(β1)e−Cx−2η(x2+x)λ2PR(1+ηx)2K0(β1)e−Cx, (18)

where , , , are the first and zero order Bessel function of the second kind [37].

Proof: The derivation is presented in Appendix A.

###### Lemma 2

The complementary CDF of is given by

 Pr(γH>x2+2x)=1λ2∞∫(x2+2x)/PRe−1PSλ1(x2+2x+(x2+2x)2+x2+2xPRγ2−x2−2x)−1λ2γ2dγ2=β2K1(β2)e−C(x2+2x), (19)

where .

Proof: The HD mode’s end-to-end SINR is given in (12), with the help of [38, eq.(3.324.1)], (19) can be obtained.

###### Lemma 3

The asymptotic probability of can be obtained as

 Pr(γF>x,γH>x2+2x)=I1+I2, (20)

where , are expressed as

 I1 =β31+ηxK1(β3)e−β4−2η(x2+x)λ2PR(1+ηx)2K0(β3)e−β4, (21) I2 =β2K1(β2)e−C(x2+2x)−β3K1(β3)e−β4, (22)

where , .

Proof: The derivation is presented in Appendix B.

### Iii-a Distribution of the Received Signal

###### Proposition 1

The asymptotic CDF of X-duplex relay system’s SINR can be derived as

 Pr(γmax

where , , , , , , , are the first and zero order Bessel function of the second kind.

Proof: According to the permutation theorem, the CDF expression can be obtained as

 Pr(γmaxx)−Pr(γH>x2+2x)+Pr(γF>x,γH>x2+2x).

With the help of Lemma 1, Lemma 2, Lemma 3, (23) is derived.

### Iii-B Outage Probability

The outage probability can be given as

 P∗=Pr(log2(1+SINR)

where the threshold of the outage probability is set to ensure the transmit rate over bps/Hz, and is CDF of the end-to-end SINR .

The X-duplex relay configures the antenna to provide the maximum sum rate of the relay network. With the CDF expression in (23) and (25), the outage probability of the X-duplex relay system can be derived.

From Lemma 1 and (25), the outage probability of the FD mode can be obtained. According to [39, eq.(10.30)], in the high SNR condition, when comes close to zero, the function converges to , and the value of is comparatively small. Therefore, in the high SNR scenarios, the FD mode’s outage probability is approximately given by

 Pout_FD(x)≈1−11+ηxe−Cx, (26)

when the SNR goes infinite, the outage probability of FD mode will approach

 P∞out_FD(x)=ηx1+ηx. (27)

Therefore, the outage probability of FD mode is limited by the error floor which is caused by self interference at high SNR.

By substituting (23) into (25), the outage probability of X-duplex relay system can be obtained. In the high SNR, the outage probability can be derived using the similar approximation in (26),

 P∞out_XD(x)≈1−11+ηxe−Cx−ηx1+ηxe−β4, (28)

when the SNR goes infinite, the outage probability of X-duplex relay system approaches to zero, indicating that there is no performance floor for X-duplex relay system in the high SNR region.

For the X-duplex relay system, the finite diversity order of SNR is provided by [32]

 d(λ)=−∂lnPout(λ)∂lnλ=−λPout(λ)∂Pout(λ)∂λ, (29)

where is the system’s outage probability at average SNR . We use this equation to calculate the diversity order of X-duplex relay system.

We assume the transmit power of the source and relay is the same under fixed power allocation condition, . The diversity order of the X-duplex relay system is given as

 dXD=1Ptx1+ηx(1λ1+1λ2)e−Cx+ηx1+ηx[(1λ1+1λ2)(x2+2x)+x+1ηλ1]e−β41−11+ηxe−Cx−ηx1+ηxe−β4. (30)

Furthermore, the diversity order can be estimated by using the Taylor’s formula in [38, eq.(1.211)] in the high transmit power scenario

 (31)

where . When the transmit power goes infinite, the diversity order of X-duplex relay system approaches to one, indicating that there is no error floor in the system.

For the HD mode, from equation (II-B), the HD mode’s equivalent SINR in one time slot is given as . Therefore, the outage probability of HD mode can be obtained with (19)

 Pout_HD(x)=1−β2K1(β2)e−C(x2+2x)≈1−e−C(x2+2x). (32)

The finite-SNR diversity orders of FD and HD mode can be written as

 dFD = 1Pt(1λ1+1λ2)x1+ηxe−Cx1−11+ηxe−Cx≈1−xPt(1λ1+1λ2)1+Ptηλ1λ2λ1+λ2, dHD = 1Pt(1λ1+1λ2)(x2+2x)⋅e−C(x2+2x)1−e−C(x2+2x)≈1−1Pt(1λ1+1λ2)(x2+2x), (33)

At medium SNR and low residual self interference, the diversity order of FD can be approximated as . With optimal self interference cancellation, approaches one in high SNR region. When the SNR goes infinite, the diversity order of the FD and HD mode approaches to zero and one respectively, indicating that the outage probability curve of X-duplex relay system is parallel with HD mode when SNR reaches this region.

The outage probability intersection of FD and HD mode can be calculated as

 Pt∗=(1λ1+1λ2)x2+xln(1+ηx), (34)

when , the outage probability of FD is lower than HD. The intersection point is affected by self interference level . When reaches zero, the intersection point goes infinite, indicating that FD outperforms HD in all SNR circumstances with ideal self interference cancellation.

### Iii-C Average SER Analysis

For linear modulation formats, the average SER can be computed as [36]

 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯SER=a1E[Q(√2a2γ)]=a1√a22√π∞∫0e−a2γ√γFγ(γ)dγ, (35)

where is the CDF of , and is the Gaussian Q-Function [38]. The parameters denote the modulation formats, e.g., for the binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation [36, eq.(6.6)].

###### Proposition 2

The asymptotic average SER of the X-duplex relay system can be derived as

 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯SER≈a1√a22√π{a2−12Γ(12)−1√ηe1η(a2+C)Γ(12)Γ(12,1η(a2+C)) (36)

where , , is the Gamma Function, is the incomplete Gamma Function, is the Parabolic Cylinder Function [38].

Proof: The derivation is presented in Appendix C.

According to (23), when SNR goes infinite, the CDF of becomes , the SER of X-duplex relay system comes to zero.

For the FD mode and HD mode, the average SER can be given as

 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯SERFD ≈a1√a22√π{a2−12Γ(12)−1√ηe1η(a2+C)Γ(12)Γ(12,1η(a2+C))}, ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯SERHD ≈a1√a22√π{a2−12Γ(12)−(2C)−12Γ(12)exp((a2+2C)28C)D−12(a2+2C√2C)}. (37)

For the FD mode, when SNR goes infinite, the CDF of FD mode approaches . With (35) and [38, eq.(3.383.10)], the SER of FD mode can be obtained.

 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯SERFD_SNR→∞=a1√a22√π∞∫0e−a2x√x(1−11+ηx)dx=a1√a22√π(1η)1/2e1ηa2Γ(32)Γ(−12,1ηa2).

From (III-C), it can be seen that the SER of FD mode is restricted by the lower bound, determined by self interference level , , . Compared with FD mode, the X-duplex relay system removes the error floor and achieves lower SER in high SNR region.

### Iii-D Average Sum Rate

By using the CDF of , the average sum rate of X-duplex system is derived in this section.

 ¯R=E[log2(1+γ)]=1ln2∞∫01−Fγ(x)1+xdx, (38)

where is the CDF of .

In order to simplify the final average sum rate expression, and are introduced to denote the approximate value of integral and , given in Lemma 4 and 5.

###### Lemma 4

when , the exact value of integral is given by

 (39)

where is the probability integral, and is the Whittaker function [38], we use the first items of the third part of (39) for approximation, denoted as .

Proof: The derivation is presented in Appendix D.

###### Lemma 5

The approximate value of integral is given by

 wi2≈e−Cρ2+2Cρ1ηN2∑k=0(−C)kk!η2k[E1(ε1)−E1(ε2)]+e−Cρ2+2Cρ1ηN2∑k=12k∑l=1(−C)kk!(2Cρ)l(−η)2k−l(2kl)[γ(l,ε2)−γ(l,ε1)], (40)

where , , , is the incomplete Gamma Function, first items are used to approximate value.

Proof: The derivation is presented in Appendix E.

###### Proposition 3

The average sum rate of X-duplex system can be expressed approximately as

 ¯R≈ 1ln2{11−η[eCE1(C)−eCηE1(Cη)]−2λ2PRC2eC2ηΓ2(2)W−32,0(z1)W−32,0(z2) (41) +ηη−1eCρ2−1λ1PSη[wi1(1−ρ,ρ,N1)−1ηwi1(1η−ρ,1+1η,N3)−1ηwi2]}.

where , , , is the Whittaker functions [38].

Proof: The derivation is presented in Appendix F.

According to (23) and (38), when SNR goes infinite, the CDF of becomes and the average sum rate of X-duplex relay system can be derived as,

 ¯RXD_SNR→∞=1ln2∞∫011+xdx. (42)

It can be observed that the maximal achievable average sum rate of X-duplex relay system is not restricted by the self interference.

The approximate average sum rate of FD mode and HD mode can be given as

 ¯RFD≈1ln211−η[eCE1(C)−eCηE1(Cη)],¯RHD≈12ln2eCE1(C), (43)

When SNR goes infinite, the upper bound of FD mode can be derived [38, eq.(3.195)].

 ¯RFD_SNR→∞=1ln2∞∫011+x11+ηxdx=lnη(η−1)ln2. (44)

The upper bound of the average sum rate of FD mode is given in (44). It means that the practical average sum rate cannot be larger than (44), which presents the achievable region of average sum rate of FD mode.

Comparing the (42) and (44), the X-duplex relay system overcomes the restriction of self interference compared with FD mode.

### Iii-E Diversity order of XD-PA

In this subsection, a lower bound and a upper bound for the X-duplex relay’s end-to-end SINR with PA are provided and the CDF of these bounds are obtained. Finally, the diversity order of XD-PA is derived.

The lower bound and upper bound for the end-to-end SINR (17) can be written as

 D(γlower,γR)≥γxd_pa≥D(γupper,γR), (45)

where , , , . When , the function is a monotonically increasing function. Therefore, the function is also monotonic when .

The CDF distribution of , is given as

 Fγu(x)=1−e−1λ1x−1λ2x,Fγl(x)=(1−e−1λ1x)(1−e−1λ2x). (46)

With [38, eq.(3.322)], we can obtain the outage probability of the upper bound

 Pγupper(x) =Pr{C(γu,γR)

where , , is the PDF of , .

The Taylor expansion of the upper bound is

 Pγupper(x)=2(λ1+λ2)λ1λ2x2+2x+√(x2+2x)2+x2+2x−√x2+x−xP+o(P−32). (48)

It can be observed that the diversity order of XD-PA is at least one.

Similarly, the outage probability of the lower bound can be calculated as

 Pγlower(x)= Fγl(2T)+1λ1G(2T,T2,PλR4T2,1λ1−2TPλR)+1λ2G(2T,T2,Pλ</