1 (Colour online) The K^{+} form factor (solid line) together with the up (dashed-dotted line) and strange (dashed line) quark sector contributions. The dotted-line is the fit to data using the form F_{K}(Q^{2})=[1+Q^{2}/\Lambda_{K}^{2}]^{-1}, giving \Lambda^{2}_{K}=0.687\,GeV{}^{2}, and the insert compares our results with existing data taken from Ref. [8].

Kaon Structure in the Confining Nambu-Jona-Lasinio Model Parada. T. P. Hutauruk,

[0.5cm] Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea

Abstract. The elastic electromagnetic form factors in the space-like region and valence quark distribution functions for the meson are calculated using the confining Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model with the help of the proper-time regularization scheme, which simulates quark confinement. In this model framework, the dynamics information on the nonperturbative aspects are obtained from quark propagators and bound state amplitudes via Bethe-Salpeter equations. We found that the results on the kaon form factors and valence quark distribution functions are qualitatively in excellent agreement with the existing kaon data as well as the perturbation QCD prediction at higher .
Keywords: Kaon form factors, Kaon parton distribution functions, Nambu-Jona-Lasinio Model.

I. INTRODUCTION

It is widely known that the kaon consist of a quark-antiquark pair. This shows the structure of the kaon simpler than the nucleon and hence the dynamics of quarks inside the kaon may be easier to study than inside the nucleon. This gives us a great opportunity to gain useful information of the dynamics of strange quark inside the kaon [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. In addition, this may eventually be applied to study the dynamics of quarks inside the nucleon [5] and to understand the QCD as the underlying theory [7].

In this work the kaon structure will be studied by means of the kaon elastic form factors (EFFs) in the space-like and valence quark distribution functions (VQDFs) within the confining Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model, which is the chiral effective quark model. These are the most basic quantities towards our understanding the structure of the meson. From the Lagrangian of the model, the dynamics mass of quark or antiquark are generated by interaction with the vacuum state and the chiral spontaneously symmetry breaking is realized. However the NJL model has a divergent in the momentum loop integral, a specific regularization will therefore be chosen to cure the divergence. In this study the proper time regularization (PTR) scheme is applied. In this regularization the infrared cutoff removes the imaginary part of the loop integral to eliminate the unphysical domain for hadron decay into quarks and simulates confinement. Thus these dynamical features of the kaon in the chiral effective quark model are used as an input into EFFs and PDFs to describe the kaon structure.

The outline of this paper is as follows. Section II discuss briefly the kaon structure in the confining NJL model. Section III shows the results of the elastic form factor of the kaon in the space-like region and the valence quark distribution of the kaon as well as a comparison with the limited experimental data for the kaon, and finally the conclusion is presented in Section IV.

II. KAON STRUCTURE IN THE CONFINING NJL MODEL

The three-flavour NJL Lagrangian – containing only four-fermion interactions – takes the form [1]

 LNJL =¯ψ(i⧸∂−^m)ψ+Gπ[(¯ψλaψ)2−(¯ψλaγ5ψ)2]−Gρ[(¯ψλaγμψ)2+(¯ψλaγμγ5ψ)2], (1)

where the quark field has the flavour components , denotes the current quark mass matrix, and are four-fermion coupling constants. Based upon Bethe Salpeter equation for antiquark-quark correlations in the confining NJL model using the random phase approximation, the dressed quark masses in the proper time regularization scheme are given by the solution of the gap equation:

 Mq =mq+3MqGππ2∫1Λ2IR1Λ2UVdτe−τM2qτ2 (2)

Kaon EFFs in the space-like region and VQDFs have been calculated in the confining NJL model Ref. [1, 2], where the kaon is realized in the NJL model as quark-antiquark bound states. After finding the BSE solution, we introduce the reduced matrice in the kaon channel and the bubble diagrams of the kaon. Then the kaon mass is defined by the pole in the corresponding matrix. The residue at the pole in the matrices defines the effective meson quark-quark coupling constant. These quantities are used as input to calculate the EFFs and VQDFs. Using the matrix element of the electromagnetic current for the kaon, the complete results for the kaon form factors – with dressed quark-photon vertex – reads

 FK+(Q2) =F1U(Q2)fℓsK(Q2)−F1S(Q2)fsℓK(Q2). (3)

where the quark sector form factors are defined as in Ref. [1].

The valence quark distribution function of the kaon is extracted using the moments. This is obtained after applying the Ward identity and introducing the Feynman parametrization. The valence quark distribution functions can then be straightforwardly determined. For the valence quark and anti-quark distributions of the we find:

 qK(x) =3ZK4π2∫dτe−τ[x(x−1)m2K+xM2s+(1−x)M2ℓ][1τ+x(1−x)[m2K−(Mℓ−Ms)2]], ¯qK(x) =3ZK4π2∫dτe−τ[x(x−1)m2K+xM2ℓ+(1−x)M2s][1τ+x(1−x)[m2K−(Mℓ−Ms)2]],

Results for the are obtained by and , giving the result . Moreover, the valence quark distribution functions for the other pseudoscalar mesons can be obtained using flavour symmetries. The valence quark distribution functions must satisfy the baryon number:

 ∫10dx[uK(x)−¯uK(x)]=∫10dx[¯sK(x)−sK(x)]=1, (5)

and momentum sum rules,

 ∫10dxx[uK(x)+¯uK(x)+sK(x)+¯sK(x)]=1. (6)

More details of the rules of the baryon number and momentum can be found in our previous work [1]

III. RESULTS

Numerical results for the kaon elastic form factors in the space-like region and the quark sector components – including effects from the dressed quark-photon vertex– are illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. We find excellent agreement with the available experimental data from Ref. [8] and the empirical monopole, determined by reproducing the charge radius of Ref. [8]. By multiplying the kaon form factors with charges, as in Fig. 2, we find that the strange quark component becomes dominant among other components in the elastic form factor for GeV. This is more completely dominant at very large .

Numerical results for the kaon valence quark distribution functions at GeV are shown in Fig. 3 and compared to empirical data for the pion valence quark distribution function from Ref [9]. We find reasonable agreement over the entire domain where data is existed. Our results have been evolved from a model scale of GeV using the next-to-leading order (NLO) DGLAP evolution equations [10], which was independently calculated in Ref. [5] in the study of nucleon parton distribution functions. At the model scale we find that the momentum fraction carried by the and quarks in the equal and (at this model scale gluons do not carry momentum so these results saturate the momentum sum rule).

The ratio is shown in Fig. 4 at GeV, however this ratio has only a slight dependence and in the limit is a fixed point in . We find as , in good agreement with existing data from Ref. [11]. However, the dependence differs from much of the data in the valence region, the reason for this discrepancy is not clear, however it may lie with the absence of momentum dependence in standard NJL Bethe-Salpeter vertices [6, 13], or with the data itself. We note however the correspondence that as and that , as shown in Fig. 2, for . Fig. 4 presents the ratio , which approaches as . It reveals that flavour breaking effects have a sizable dependence, being maximum at large and becoming negligible at small where effects of perturbation from DGLAP evolution dominate.

IV. CONCLUSION

We have used the confining NJL model to calculate the electromagnetic form factors and VQDFs of the kaon. We included the effect of vertex dressing through vector meson like correlations in the -channel, which do not contribute to the VQDFs.

This work produced several remarkable results. In comparison with the experimental data and empirical formula, the total kaon form factor agrees very well with the limited existing data. The effects of the strange quark mass on the VQDFs is less spectacular. In Fig. 3 we saw that the strange quark VQDFs in the is considerably enhanced over that of the -quark in the valence region. Most importantly, as we see in Fig. 4, the empirical suppression of compared with is rather well described.

Experimental data on the kaon form factors and valence quark distribution functions are sparse. In the near future the new data for kaon are expected from CLAS, JPARC and COMPASS experiment at CERN as well as the future EIC (Electron Ion Collider) experiment. The result of this work will be tested using those new experimental data to understand some issues on structure of the kaon such as a flavor symmetry breaking [1, 4, 5] as well as the gluon distribution [12, 13] in the kaon. On the other hand, the comparison between our model predicted and experimental data will lead us to new understanding of the kaon structure and QCD as underlying theory.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by the Young Scientist Training program of the Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics, Pohang, South Korea.

REFERENCES

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