Inverse electromagnetic source scattering problems with multi-frequency sparse phased and phaseless far field data

# Inverse electromagnetic source scattering problems with multi-frequency sparse phased and phaseless far field data

Xia Ji LSEC, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China (jixia@lsec.cc.ac.cn).    Xiaodong Liu Institute of Applied Mathematics, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China(xdliu@amt.ac.cn).
###### Abstract

This paper is concerned with uniqueness, phase retrieval and shape reconstruction methods for solving inverse electromagnetic source scattering problems with multi-frequency sparse phased or phaseless far field data. With the phased data, we show that the smallest strip containing the source support with the observation direction as the normal can be uniquely determined by the multi-frequency far field pattern at a single observation direction. A phased direct sampling method is also proposed to reconstruct the strip. The phaseless far field data is closely related to the outward energy flux, which can be measured more easily in practice. We show that the phaseless far field data is invariant under the translation of the sources, which implies that the location of the sources can not be uniquely recovered by the data. To solve this problem, we consider simultaneously the scattering of magnetic dipoles with one fixed source point and at most three scattering strengths. With this technique, a fast and stable phase retrieval approach is proposed based on a simple geometrical result which provides a stable reconstruction of a point in the plane from three distances to the given points. A novel phaseless direct sampling method is also proposed to reconstruct the strip. The phase retrieval approach can also be combined with the phased direct sampling method to reconstruct the strip. Finally, to obtain a source support, we just need to superpose the indicators with respect to the sparse observation directions. Extended numerical examples in three dimensions are conducted with noisy data, and the results further verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed phase retrieval approach and direct sampling methods.

Keywords: Electromagnetic source scattering, phaseless far field data, uniqueness, phase retrieval, direct sampling methods.

AMS subject classifications: 35R30, 35P25, 78A46

## 1 Introduction

In this paper, we consider the inverse source problem for the Maxwell system. Such a problem arises from many applications such as antenna synthesis [9] and biomedical imaging [5]. A specific example is the magnetoencephalography (MEG) [18, 22] in which it is desired to determine the location of electric activity within the brain from the induced magnetic fields outside the head. Motivated by these significant applications, the inverse source problem has been exhaustively studied in the literature [2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42]. The primary difficulty is that the inverse source problem at a fixed frequency does not have a unique solution due to non-radiating sources [3, 13]. Possible solutions can be derived using models involving a priori knowledge of the sources or using multi-frequency measurements [5, 3, 34, 32, 40, 41, 42]. In particular, the multi-frequency measurements can be used to improve the stability of the inverse electromagnetic source problems [10].

In many cases of practical interest, it is difficult to implement measurement of a complex-valued electric field due to oscillations of its argument, so one has to recover the sources from the phaseless (intensity only) data. We refer to [16] for a direct imaging method for extended obstacle reconstruction using phaseless electromagnetic total field data. However, difficulties arise if the phaseless far field data is considered. Actually, we will show in the next section that phaseless electric far field pattern of the scattered electromagnetic wave is invariant under the translation of the source, thus the source cannot be uniquely determined by the phaseless far field data, even multi-frequency data are considered. The same problem also appears in the acoustic and elastic source scattering problems [28, 31]. Other than developing methods using phaseless data directly, we take an alternative approach to first recover the phase information. As a consequence, methods using phased data can be employed. Recently in [29], by adding a point-like obstacle into the scattering system, a fast and stable phase retrieval approach is proposed for the inverse acoustic obstacle scattering problems. Such a phase retrieval approach is further modified by adding point sources with a fixed source point and at most three different scattering strengths in [28, 30, 31]. The phase retrieval approach in [28, 29, 30, 31] is based on a simple geometrical result which provides a stable reconstruction of a point in the plane from three distances to the given points. A proper choice of the three given points is the key of the success of the stable phase retrieval approach. We also refer to [43] for a different phase retrieval technique with several specially arranged reference point sources.

The second case of tremendous practical interest is the sparse data. Uniqueness results for determine a source usually assume that the measurements are taken at an infinite number of points around the source [5, 41, 42]. For sparse data, in general, one cannot expect uniqueness for inverse problems. To determine the scattering objects, additional assumptions have to be considered. For example, in [27], it is shown that a perfectly conducting ball can be determined by the electric far field patterns at three observation directions. Unfortunately, it seems that there are no corresponding results in the literature for the source determination. From a practical perspective, it is reasonable and interesting to ask the question: What kind of information can be extracted if the the measurements can only be taken at a fixed or a few (finitely many) points or directions. Recently in [26], it is shown that the maximum and minimum distance between measurement point and the support of the source can be uniquely determined by using the electric field at a single point. The idea is from [1, 23, 39] for inverse acoustic source problem with multi-frequency sparse far field data.

In this paper, we study the inverse electromagnetic source scattering problems using the multi-frequency phased or phaseless electric far field patterns taken at a fixed or a few observation directions. To our best knowledge, this is the first work on uniqueness, direct sampling methods and phase retrieval scheme for inverse electromagnetic scattering problems using phased or phaseless far field data at a single observation direction. We show that under certain condition the strip containing the source support with the observation direction as the normal can be uniquely determined by the multi-frequency far field patterns at a single observation direction. A quite simple direct sampling method (DSM) is then proposed to reconstruct the strip. The phaseless far field data is also quite important due to its close connection to the well known Poynting vector and the flux density of energy transport through a closed surface. However, difficulties arise because of the translation invariant property of the phaseless far field data. To overcome the non-uniqueness difficulty, we introduce a magnetic dipole into the scattering system. Such a technique enables us to establish a uniqueness result and to provide a novel DSM for the source support reconstruction. Furthermore, with properly chosen scattering strength and polarization, a simple and stable phase retrieval method is proposed.

This work is a nontrivial extension of the results in [30, 31] for the inverse acoustic scattering problem of the Helmholtz equation to the inverse electromagnetic scattering of the Maxwell equations. The Maxwell equations are more challenging because of the complexity of the vector fields. In particular, some sophisticated choices on polarization directions are required.

This paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we formulate the direct and inverse electromagnetic source scattering problem and study the properties of the phaseless electric far field pattern. In section LABEL:Sec-phased, we study what kind of information of the source can be determined by the multi-frequency phased electric far field pattern at a fixed observation direction. We proceed to study the phaseless inverse problem in section LABEL:Sec-phaseless. Finally, in section LABEL:Sec-Num, some numerical simulations are presented to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed DSM and phase retrieval algorithm.

## 2 Electromagnetic source scattering problems

This section is devoted to address the time harmonic electromagnetic source scattering problems. We begin with the notations used throughout this paper. Vectors are distinguished from scalars by the use of bold typeface. For a vector , where the superscript denotes the transpose, we define the Euclidean norm of by , where and is the complex conjugate of . Denote by the unit sphere in .

Consider electromagnetic wave propagation in an isotropic medium in with space independent electric permittivity , magnetic permeability and electric conductivity . We assume that the conductivity in . Then the time harmonic electromagnetic wave with the angular frequency is described by the electric field and the magnetic field satisfying the Maxwell equations [37]

 curlE−iωμH=0,curlH+iωϵE=JinR3, \hb@xt@.01(2.1)

where and describes the external sources of electromagnetic disturbances. For simplicity, we always assume that with compact support in , where is a bounded Lipschitz domain in with connected complement. Furthermore, the scattered fields and have to satisfy the Silver-Mller radiation condition

 √μϵH×x−|x|E=O(1|x|)as|x|→∞, \hb@xt@.01(2.2)

uniformly w.r.t. .

Eliminating the magnetic field from the Maxwell equations (LABEL:Maxwell) leads to

 curlcurlE−k2E=iωμJinR3, \hb@xt@.01(2.3)

where denotes the wavenumber. Fixing two wave numbers , we consider the wave equation (LABEL:E) with

 k∈K:=(kmin,kmax). \hb@xt@.01(2.4)

It is well known (see e.g. [17, 37]) that every radiating solution of (LABEL:E) has an asymptotic behavior of the form

 E(x,k;J)=eik|x|4π|x|E∞(^x,k;J)+O(1|x|2),|x|→∞, \hb@xt@.01(2.5)

uniformly w.r.t. . The vector field is known as the electric far field pattern of . It is an analytic function on the unit sphere with respect to and is a tangential field, i.e., for all . In this paper, the first question of particular interest is as follows.

• IP1: What kind of information of the source can be determined by the electric far field at a single observation direction ?

To compute the electric far field pattern of the scattered field, we consider the scalar data for some direction . Clearly, taking to be each of the orthogonal unit vectors and , we can compute the three components of . In fact since , we need only to use two tangential unit vectors for each . For any , choose a vector such that . Then we can define vectors and by

 l:=^x×q|^x×q|andm:=^x×l. \hb@xt@.01(2.6)

The three-tuple forms an orthonormal coordinate system in . Then and are two desired tangential unit vectors, and

 E∞(^x)=(l⋅E∞(^x))l+(m⋅E∞(^x))m. \hb@xt@.01(2.7)

We recall the dyadic Green’s function for Maxwell equations given by

 Gk(x,y):=Φk(x,y)I+1k2∇y∇yΦk(x,y),x≠y,

where is the identity matrix and is the Hessian matrix for defined by

 (∇y∇yΦk(x,y))m,n=∂2Φk∂ym∂yn,1≤m,n≤3.

Here, denotes the fundamental solution of the scalar Helmholtz equation in given by

 Φk(x,y):=eik|x−y|4π|x−y|,x≠y.

Then the scattered field has the representation

 E(x,k;J)=iωμ∫R3Gk(x,y)J(y)dy,x∈R3. \hb@xt@.01(2.8)

Straightforward calculations show that the corresponding electric far field pattern is given by

 E∞(^x,k;J)=iωμ(I−^x^xT)∫R3e−ik^x⋅yJ(y)dy,^x∈S2. \hb@xt@.01(2.9)

Physically, the quantity is the well known Poynting vector and

gives the flux density of energy transport through the surface (see p.79 in [15]).

###### Theorem 2.1

Let be a ball centered at the origin with radius large enough such that . Then we have the conservation of energy result

 R∫∂Dν⋅E×¯¯¯¯¯Hds=R∫∂BRν⋅E×¯¯¯¯¯Hds \hb@xt@.01(2.10)

and

 F=116π2√ϵμ∫S2|E∞|2ds. \hb@xt@.01(2.11)

Proof. We apply Gauss’s divergence theorem in the domain and the Maxwell equations (LABEL:Maxwell) to deduce that

 ∫∂BRν⋅E×¯¯¯¯¯Hds−∫∂Dν⋅E×¯¯¯¯¯Hds = ∫BR∖¯¯¯¯D(curlE⋅¯¯¯¯¯H−E⋅curl¯¯¯¯¯H)dx = ∫BR∖¯¯¯¯D(iωμ|H|2+iωϵ|E|2)dx.

Then the result on conservation of energy (LABEL:FR) follows by taking the real part on both sides of the above equation.

It is well known that the electric field satisfies the finiteness condition

 E(x)=O(1|x|),|x|→∞, \hb@xt@.01(2.12)

uniformly for all directions. Note that is independent of the radius . Furthermore, letting , using the Silver-Mller radiation condition (LABEL:SMRC) and the asymptotic behavior (LABEL:Easy), we find that

 F = = limR→∞R∫∂BR¯¯¯¯¯H×ν⋅Eds = √ϵμlimR→∞∫∂BR[|E|2+O(1/R3)]ds = 116π2√ϵμ∫S2|E∞|2ds

and the proof is finished.

Theorem LABEL:Fproperties shows that the phaseless electric far field pattern is closely related to the flux density of energy. Particularly, for radar applications, the phaseless electric far field pattern defines the radar cross section in the direction (see p. 392 in [37]). Inspired by these applications, recall the two vectors and given in (LABEL:lm), we are also interest in the following question.

• IP2: What kind of information of the source can be determined by the phaseless electric far field pattern at a single observation direction ?

Unfortunately, the following theorem implies that the phaseless electric far field pattern is invariant under the translation of the source .

###### Theorem 2.2

Let be the shifted source with a fixed vector . Then, for any fixed wavenumber ,

 E∞(^x,k;Jh)=eik^x⋅hE∞(^x,k;J),^x∈S2. \hb@xt@.01(2.13)

Proof. Using the representation (LABEL:Einf),

 E∞(^x,k;Jh) = iωμ(I−^x^xT)∫R3e−ik^x⋅yJh(y)dy = iωμ(I−^x^xT)∫R3e−ik^x⋅yJ(y+h)dy = iωμ(I−^x^xT)∫R3e−ik^x⋅(z−h)J(z)dz = iωμ(I−^x^xT)eik^x⋅h∫R3e−ik^x⋅zJ(z)dz = eik^x⋅hE∞(^x,k;J),^x∈S2.

From (LABEL:Trans-Invariance), it is clear that

 |E∞(^x,k;Jh)|=|E∞(^x,k;J)|,^x∈S2. \hb@xt@.01(2.14)

That is, the location of the source can not be uniquely determined by the phaseless electric far field pattern , even multi-frequency is considered. Actually, even the location is known in advance, the source can not be uniquely determined by noting the fact that for any constant with modulus one.

To overcome the above difficulties, we consider a magnetic dipole located at with scattering strength , polarization . The corresponding scattered electric field takes the form [17]

 Ez0(x,k;τ,p)=τcurlxpΦ(x,z0),x∈R3∖{z0}. \hb@xt@.01(2.15)

The electric far field pattern corresponding to the electric field is given by

 E∞z0(^x,k;τ,p)=ikτe−ik^x⋅z0^x×p,^x∈S2. \hb@xt@.01(2.16)

Due to the translation invariance (LABEL:Translationinvariance), we add a magnetic dipole into the scattering system. Because of linearity, the resulting electric far field is given by the sum of the electric far field pattern due to the current source and the electric far field pattern due to the known dipole, i.e.,

 E∞z0(^x,k;J,τ,p)=E∞(^x,k;J)+E∞z0(^x,k;τ,p),^x∈S2, \hb@xt@.01(2.17)

We want to remark that the special case implies that no additional dipole exists. Instead of studying the inverse problem IP2, we turn to consider the following problem with updated phaseless data.

• IP3: What kind of information of the source can be determined by the phaseless electric far field pattern at a single observation direction ?

In the next sections, we consider the uniqueness and sampling methods for IP1 with the phased data and for IP3 with the phaseless data. By properly choosing the dipole strengths, a simple phase retrieval scheme will also be proposed.

## 3 Uniqueness and DSM for Ip1

In this section, we investigate what kind of information of the source can be uniquely determined by the multi-frequency phased electric far field pattern at a single observation direction . Denote by the support of the source , the -strip hull of for an observation direction is defined by

 S(^x;J):={y∈R3|infz∈Dz⋅^x≤y⋅^x≤supz∈Dz⋅^x},

which is the smallest strip (region between two parallel hyper-planes) with as normals that contains . Let

 Πα:={y∈R3|y⋅^x+α=0},α∈R,

be a hyperplane with normal . Define

 \hb@xt@.01(3.1)

We first give a uniqueness result following the ideas for the inverse acoustic and elastic scattering problems [1, 28].

###### Theorem 3.1

For any fixed , choose a vector such that and then define two vectors and as in (LABEL:lm). For any , if the set

 {α∈R|Πα⊂S(^x0;J),^Je(α)=0} \hb@xt@.01(3.2)

has Lebesgue measure zero, then the strip of the source support can be uniquely determined by the data for all at the observation direction .

Proof. From the representation (LABEL:Einf), by noting the fact that for all , we deduce that

 = iωμ∫R3e−ik^x⋅ye⋅J(y)dy = iωμ∫Reikα∫Παe⋅J(y)ds(y)dα = iωμ∫Reikα^Je(α)dα,e∈{l,m}.

Clearly, the data is just the inverse Fourier transform of . This implies that is uniquely determined by . Note that here we have used the fact that the data is analytic in . Under the assumption that the set in (LABEL:set1) has Lebesgue measure zero, it is seen that

 S(^x0;J)=¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯⋃α∈R{Πα|^Je(α)≠0}

which implies that the strip is uniquely determined by , and also by for all . The proof is complete.

###### Remark 3.2

We add some remarks on Theorem LABEL:uni-strip.

• Clearly, the vector can be any unit vector satisfying .

• The set in (LABEL:set1) has Lebesgue measure zero if the real part of a complex multiple of the source projection function is bounded away from zero on their support, i.e., we assume that satisfies

 R(eiαe⋅J(y))≥c0,a.e.y∈D \hb@xt@.01(3.3)

for some and . However, Theorem LABEL:uni-strip is not true in general if the set in (LABEL:set1) has positive Lebesgue measure. For example, for , we consider

 J1(y)=⎧⎪ ⎪⎨⎪ ⎪⎩(1,0,0)T,y1∈(−1,1),y2∈(−2,−1]∪[1,2),y3∈(−1,1);(y1,0,0)T,y1∈(−1,1),y2∈(−1,1),y3∈(−1,1);(0,0,0)T,otherwise. \hb@xt@.01(3.4)

and

 J2(y)={(1,0,0)T,y1∈(−1,1),y2∈(−2,−1]∪[1,2),y3∈(−1,1);(0,0,0)T,otherwise. \hb@xt@.01(3.5)

Taking , then the strips with normals corresponding to and are given by

 S(^x0;J1):=R×[−2,2]×RandS(^x0;J2):=R×[−2,−1]∪[1,2]×R,

respectively. However, for any satisfying , straightforward calculations show that

Now we turn to the DSM on how to determine the strip from the projection of the electric far field pattern in the direction at a single observation direction . We consider the following integral

 G^x0(z,e):=∫Ke⋅E∞(^x0,k;J)eik^x0⋅zdk,z∈R3,e∈{l,m} \hb@xt@.01(3.6)

and define indicator the

 I^x0(z,e):=∣∣G^x0(z,e)∣∣,z∈R3,e∈{l,m}. \hb@xt@.01(3.7)

To see how this indicator might work, we first define . Then is a hyper plane with normals , that is, for any , we have . Straight calculations show that

 I^x0(z+αd,e)=I^x0(z,e),z∈R3,e∈{l,m},α∈R,

which implies that the indicator takes the same value for sampling points moving in the hyperplane with normals . Inserting the representation (LABEL:Einf) into (LABEL:indicator1), using the formula and the fact that , and then integrating by parts, we deduce that

 I^x0(z,e) = √μϵ∣∣∣∫De⋅J(y)∫Kkeik^x0⋅(z−y)dkdy∣∣∣ \hb@xt@.01(3.8) = √μϵ∣∣∣∫Df(y,z,e)|^x0⋅(z−y)|dy∣∣∣,z∈R3,e∈{l,m} \hb@xt@.01(3.9)

with

 f(y,z,e):=e⋅J(y)[keik^x0⋅(z−y)|K−∫Keik^x0⋅(z−y)dk],y∈D,e∈{l,m}.

Clearly, is uniformly bounded with respect to the sampling point , and thus the indicator decays like when the sampling point moves away from the strip .

From the behaviors explained above, we expect that the indicator will give a rough reconstruction for the strip . We can now propose the DSM for strip reconstruction using broadband data at a single observation direction.

Strip Reconstruction Scheme One:

• (1). Collect the broadband electric far field pattern with some where and are given in (LABEL:lm).

• (2). Select a hyperplane parallel to the observation direction . Select a sampling region in with a fine mesh containing the projection of the source support in the hyperplane ,

• (3). Compute the indicator functional for all sampling points ,

• (4). Plot the indicator functional .

The sampling region in above scheme is only a bounded two dimensional domain in the hyperplane , which is parallel to the observation direction . Thus, different to the other numerical methods, our numerical implementation is very fast. If the source support has only one component, by plotting the indicator , two parallel lines with normal are expected to be roughly reconstructed. Then the strip is the region between two parallel hyperplane with normal containing the two reconstructed lines, respectively.

Recall that . However, to determine the strip , we have used only the data or , which is partial information of the phased electric far field pattern. Theorem LABEL:uni-strip and the DSM also implies that three linearly independent observation directions are enough to give a rough support of the source function .

## 4 DSM and phase retrieval method for Ip3

We begin with a novel DSM for strip reconstruction using phaseless data directly. For any fixed , choose a vector such that and then define two vectors and as in (LABEL:lm). Taking and , for the novel DSM, we need the following phaseless data

 |m⋅E∞z0(^x0,k;J,τ,l)|,k∈K,τ∈{0,τ1}. \hb@xt@.01(4.1)

Using the representation (LABEL:Einfsum), noting that the three-tuple forms an orthonormal basis of , we find

 H(^x0,k;J,τ,z0,l,m) \hb@xt@.01(4.2) := 1k[|m⋅E∞z0(^x0,k;J,τ1,l)|2−|m⋅E∞(^x0,k;J)|2−|kτ1|2] \hb@xt@.01(4.3) = 1k[|m⋅E∞(^x0,k;J)+ikτ1e−ik^x0⋅z0|2−|m⋅E∞(^x0,k;J)|2−|kτ1|2] \hb@xt@.01(4.4) = −2R[m⋅E∞(^x0,k;J)iτ1eik^x0⋅z0] \hb@xt@.01(4.5)

Furthermore, we introduce the following indicator

 I^x0,z0(z):=∣∣∣∫KH(^x0,k;J,τ,z0,l,m)cos[k^x0⋅(z−z0)]dk∣∣∣,z∈R3. \hb@xt@.01(4.6)

We observe immediately two obvious properties of the indicator :

• for any provided that ;

• for any .

Difficulty will arise due to the second property. Actually, we hope to determine the strip by using the novel indicator . However, from the second property, the symmetric strip of the strip with respect to will also be reconstructed. We can not distinguish these two strips. In particular, if , the indicator will fail to reconstruct the strip . The good news is that we have the freedom to choose the dipole position . Thus, by letting move along the direction , we can always assume that . To pick the correct strip, we introduce two techniques. The first one is to take a different dipole position along the direction , and then the symmetric strip will change. The second one is to take the dipole position far away from the domain of interest.

We now explain why the indicator can be used to reconstruct the strip . Inserting (LABEL:H) into (LABEL:Indicatorphaseless), straightforward calculations show that

 I^x0,z0(z)=∣∣¯¯¯¯¯τ1G^x0(z,m)+τ1¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯G^x0(z,m)+¯¯¯¯¯τ1G^x0(2z0−z,m)+τ1¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯G^x0(2z0−z,m)∣∣

with the auxiliary defined by (LABEL:G). Note that we have the freedom to choose the dipole position . Taking and letting , using the well known Riemann-Lebesgue Lemma, we find that

 G^x0(2z0−z,m)→0,as|z0|=r→∞.

Thus, we have

 I^x0,z0(z)≈∣∣¯¯¯¯¯τ1G^x0(z,m)+τ1¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯G^x0(z,m)∣∣,as|z0|=r→∞.

Motivated by this, we expect that the novel indicator behaves like the indicator with phased data, and thus can be used to reconstruct the strip .

Strip Reconstruction Scheme Two:

• (1). Collect the broadband electric far field pattern where and are given in (LABEL:lm).

• (2). Select a hyperplane parallel to the observation direction . Select a sampling region in with a fine mesh containing the projection of the source support in the hyperplane ,

• (3). Compute the indicator functional for all sampling points ,

• (4). Plot the indicator functional .

The second way to deal with the phaseless problem IP3 is first reconstruct the phased data for all , and then using the known methods and results with phased data. To do so, we recall a geometrical result on determining a point in the plane from the distances to three given points [29].

###### Lemma 4.1

Let be three different complex numbers such that they are not collinear. Then there is at most one complex number with the distances . Let further and assume that

 |rϵj−rj|≤ϵ,j=1,2,3.

Here, and throughout the paper, we use the subscript to denote the polluted data. Then there exists a constant depending on , such that

 |zϵ−z|≤cϵ.

Define

 T:={τ1,τ2,τ3},

where are three different scattering strengths such that and are linearly independent. Recall that

 |m⋅E∞z0(^x0,k;J,τj,l)|=|m⋅E∞(^x0,k;J)+ikτje−ikz0⋅^x0|,k∈K,j=1,2,3.

For any fixed observation direction , wave number , we set

 rj := |m⋅E∞z0(^x0,k;J,τj,l)| \hb@xt@.01(4.7) z := \hb@xt@.01(4.8)

and

 zj:=−ikτje−ikz0⋅^x0,j=1,2,3. \hb@xt@.01(4.9)

Combining Lemma LABEL:phaseretrieval and the uniqueness Theorem LABEL:uni-strip with phased data, we immediately derive the following uniqueness theorem with phaseless data.

###### Theorem 4.2

For any fixed , choose a vector such that and then define two vectors and as in (LABEL:lm). If the set

 {α∈R|Πα⊂S(^x0;J),^Jm(α