Ground states of a Bose-Einstein Condensate in a one-dimensional laser-assisted optical lattice

# Ground states of a Bose-Einstein Condensate in a one-dimensional laser-assisted optical lattice

## Abstract

We study the ground-state behavior of a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) in a Raman-laser-assisted one-dimensional (1D) optical lattice potential forming a multilayer system. We find that, such system can be described by an effective model with spin-orbit coupling (SOC) of pseudospin , where is the number of layers. Due to the intricate interplay between atomic interactions, SOC and laser-assisted tunnelings, the ground-state phase diagrams generally consist of three phases – a stripe, a plane wave and a normal phase with zero-momentum, touching at a quantum tricritical point. More important, even though the single-particle states only minimize at zero-momentum for odd , the many-body ground states may still develop finite momenta. The underlying mechanisms are elucidated. Our results provide an alternative way to realize an effective spin-orbit coupling of Bose gas with the Raman-laser-assisted optical lattice, and would also be beneficial to the studies on SOC effects in spinor Bose systems with large spin.

## Introduction

The realization of Raman-induced artificial gauge fields in ultracold atomic gases [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] provides a well-controllable way to investigate many fundamental phenomena induced by SOC [8, 9, 10, 11]. Among these studies, the spin-orbit (SO) coupled Bose gases, which have no counterpart in conventional solid materials, are of particular interests in cold atom community. An important consequence brought by SOC is the degeneracy in the single-particle ground states, which play a centre role in determining the many-body ground states of BECs. Many new phases as well as phase transitions are predicted to appear in diverse Bose systems with different types of SOC [12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. For example, the stripe and plane wave phases [12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18], half-vortex (meron) ground states [19, 20, 21, 22, 23], and fractional skyrmion lattices [24, 25] may emerge in SO coupled BECs.

Despite of different proposals to generate SOC in ultracold atoms [26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36], so far for Bose gases, the artificial SOC has been realized only in one dimension [1, 2, 5] or in 2D lattices [7]. Recently, the technique of laser-assisted tunneling [37, 38, 39] is developed to produce strong magnetic fields in optical lattices [40, 41, 42, 43]. Such method provides a powerful and delicate way to manipulate atoms in lattice potential. Stimulated by these developments, some authors [24, 25] have proposed an alternative and realistic way to realize an effective 2D SOC in bilayer Bose systems based on the laser-assisted tunneling. In such schemes, the prerequisite “internal” states to fabricate SOC are essentially replaced by the Raman-assisted “external” motional states in each layer, providing a new system to investigate the SO coupled BECs.

Motivated by the above advances, in this paper, we consider a gas of ultracold scalar bosons subjected to a Raman-assisted 1D optical lattice potential forming a multilayer system. Within the lowest band of the lattice, the system can be mapped to an effective model with SOC, where different layers play a role of a pseudospin coupled to the intralayer motion via the laser-assisted tunneling of atoms between the layers. This scheme can avoid the using of near resonant light beams which cause heating in previous experiments [1], and can be applied to a wide range of atom species including fermions. Recently, a related scheme has been experimentally implemented to realize the effective SOC with double well potential formed by an optical superlattice [44]. In such a scheme the double layer is in a direction of the atomic motion. On the other hand, we suggest to use a lattice with sites in a direction perpendicular to the atomic motion. This resembles bosonic ladders [43], but the atoms now undergo a planar rather than a one-dimensional motion.

We determine the ground states of the system in the presence of atomic interactions. Note that, the dynamics of a SO coupled BEC in a weakly tilted optical lattice has been studied [45], where the correlated Bloch oscillations with spin Hall effect are revealed. Here, the one-dimensional optical lattice potential is sufficiently tilted and unlike the typical atom-atom interactions in conventional spinor BEC [46], the special type of interactions from on-site repulsions in our system is quite different in the psuedospin representation, and can give rise to peculiar -dependent phase diagrams with different behaviors: (1) For even , by tuning the tunneling strength , the single-particle ground state may change from a single minimal with zero-momentum to double minima with finite momentum, with the corresponding many-body ground states evolving from a normal phase to a robust stripe phase. (2) For odd , the single-particle states only minimize at zero-momentum. However, when the interaction strength is increased, a stripe/plane wave phase with finite momentum can still emerge in the ground states. Such unique features reflect the competition and compromise between Raman-assisted tunneling and atomic interactions in this system.

## Results

### The model

We consider a three-dimensional ultra-cold Bose gas (e.g. Rb) loaded into a one-dimensional optical lattice potential. Such potential are tight enough that the atoms only occupy the lowest energy band of the lattice potential (along -axis), but move freely in the traverse -plane, forming a stacked-disk configuration. Furthermore, we apply a linear gradient potential in -direction to tilt the lattice, as depicted in Fig. (1). Such global tilt can be achieved by implementing a frequency shift between the lasers for the creating of the lattice potential [47, 48], or by tilting the lattice along the direction of the gravitational field [49, 50]. The single-particle Hamiltonian of this system reads:

 H0 = ∫d3rΨ†(r){P22m+U(z)}Ψ(r) (1)

with

 U(z) = U0cos2(koz)+V(z)−Fz,

where annihilates a boson at position . and are the strengths of optical and linear gradient potential respectively, and is a weak harmonic potential along z-axis with the trapping frequency. and are the momentum and mass of atom, and is the wave-vector of laser to generate the lattice potential.

When the tilting is not too large, the atoms can still move in the lowest state of each well, forming the energy band of the lattice potential. We can expand the field operator with the localized wannier function of the th lattice, where is the lattice number. The Hamiltonian. (1) then can be rewritten as:

 H′0=∫d2rN∑iϕ†i(x,y){P2⊥2m+ϵi}ϕi(x,y). (2)

Here, is the on-site energy and . When neglecting the small , the energy differences between adjacent sites are mainly caused by the linear-tilted part, which is given by . Generally, there should also be a tunneling matrix element between adjacent sites . However, for a sufficiently tilted lattice potential, the inter-site tunneling is much smaller than the energy mismatch between two sites, i.e. . For example, for with the recoiling energy of the lattice [39]. As a result, the direct tunneling is inhibited and hence can be neglected. To restore the atomic hopping between adjacent wells, we resort to the newly developed laser-assisted process [40, 41, 42, 43].

To this end, we implement two Raman lasers with wave-vector and frequency (), which couple to the atomic internal state via a two-photon transition. This gives rise to an time-dependent scalar potential , where is controlled by the Raman beam intensities. and denotes the wave vector and frequency differences of the Raman lasers. Then along the z-direction, one has an additional overlap integral , i.e. , where we have assumed with the dominant contribution in is from the overlap between adjacent sites , while other processes are far off-resonance and can be neglected. Then by introducing -component spinor , and applying a unitary transformation , where

 ^S=∫d2r(ℏδk⊥⋅r⊥−δωt)Φ†^FzΦ (3)

and , the Hamiltonian is transformed as (The definition of is referred to Eq. 6). To write it explicitly, we have , and with being the laser-assisted tunneling strength. Notice that, it is the factor due to the momentum transfer along the z-axis making the overlap integral nonzero. Under the rotating-wave approximation, one can drop the counter-rotating terms and arrive at the following effective single-particle Hamiltonian

 Heff0= ∫d2rΦ†[(P⊥+ℏδk⊥^Fz)22m+J^M (4) +δϵ^Fz+δz^F2z]Φ.

Here,

 ^M=⎛⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎝01⋯010⋯001⋯100⋯0⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎠, (5)

and

 ^Fz=⎛⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎝N−120⋯00N−32⋯000⋯000⋯−N−12⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎠ (6)

is the - component of angular momentum matrix with angular momentum , is the two-photon detuning. Furthermore, we have also included an additional harmonic trap , which can be termed as an effective quadratic Zeeman energy ( is the lattice spacing) by adjusting the trapping center. Due to , Eq. (4) effectively describes a system with nontrivial spin-orbit coupling, which reduces to a familiar form with equal Rashba and Dresselhaus contributions [13, 14, 15] for and . The major difference is that the internal spin states now are played by atoms in different wells and the total pseudospin can be varied via the lattice number .

Before proceeding, we should mention that there are generally Bloch oscillations for atoms in a tilted optical lattice potential [45, 47, 48, 49, 50]. For sufficiently tilted lattice case as discussed above, the energy difference between adjacent sites is much larger than the suppressed inter-site tunneling . In this regime, the Bloch oscillation becomes a rapid shivering motion with frequency and amplitude . When the two-photon Raman transition is introduced, reduces to a two-photon detuning , and a considerable effective tunneling is induced. In this case, it was shown that the coherent Bloch oscillations of frequency would appear in the form of a periodic breathing dynamics [51] or a periodic center of mass motion [52]. In the following, we mainly concentrate on the ground-state behaviors for the resonant case with .

Without loss of generality, in the following we assume that the traverse momentum transfer is along the x-axis, i.e. with , and set and energy unit throughout the paper.

### Single particle spectrum

We first discuss the single particle states of this system. In the absence of effective Zeeman fields, Hamiltonian. (4) bears the time-reversal symmetry (TRS) with , resulting in a symmetrical single-particle energy spectrum . Due to the laser-assisted tunneling , the atomic states in different wells get mixed, and hence the degeneracy of psuedospin components is lifted with energy branches. We are interested in the lowest branch, which is responsible for the determining of bosonic ground states.

In general, the single-particle ground-state manifold can be classified into two categories: for even , there may exist a two-fold degeneracy; while for odd , there is only one state in the ground subspace. As shown in Fig. (2a), we plot the lowest energy spectrum by diagonalizing Hamiltonian. (4) for different () with . We can see that, for odd (), there is only one minimum state at . On the other hand, for even (), double minima at can be identified. Here, we have also included a weak harmonic trap. As the quadratic Zeeman term does not break the TRS, it would just modify the ground state energy for small without destroying the double degeneracy. On the other hand, a nonzero linear term would break the TRS and lead to asymmetric energy spectra. As a result, such possible degeneracy is lifted, with only one state left in the ground-state manifold.

In Fig. (2b), we plot the momentum evolution of minimal states as a function of for even (). One can find that, when surpasses a critical , would converge to , indicating a tunneling induced transition would happen in the single-particle ground state. As we will see below, above different behavior of the single-particle states would have dramatic effects on the many-body ground states when the atomic interactions are included.

### Ground state phase diagram

We now turn to investigate the many-body ground states of this system in the presence of atom-atom interactions. Considering a short-ranged case, the interactions for atoms situated in the same well are much stronger than that in different wells. Then, one can neglect the contribution from the latter and write the Hamiltonian for interacting atoms as

 Hint=g2D∫d2rN∑in2i, (7)

where denotes the atomic density in th layer and with the contact interaction strength. Notice that, the interactions here only happen in each pseudospin component, which keeps invariant under the unitary transformation , and would play an important role in determining the ground-state configurations.

In the following we will discuss independently the “even” and “odd” N cases, which exhibit different behavior in the single-particle spectra and the many-body ground states.

#### Even N

In this case, we find that for giving trapping potential , the phase diagrams in plane for different have similar structures, and three different phases may appear: (I) “Stripe” phase, where the wave-function is a superposition of two plane waves with opposite momenta () and ; (II) “Plane Wave” phase, where only one plane wave component with finite momentum contributes to the ground state; (III) a “Normal” phase with bosons condensed in the zero-momentum state of .

To be more specific and without loss of generality, we choose the simplest for illustrations. In Fig. (3), we give the ground-state phase diagram in the plane for by numerically minimizing the energy . Generally, due to the interplay between atomic tunneling and atom-atom interactions, above three phases may compete with each other and survive in three distinct regimes (labeled by colors), touching at a tricritical point.

In the dilute limit (), above a critical tunneling strength, i.e. , the system is in the zero-momentum Normal phase. While for , a Stripe phase is favored. Between them (), a Plane Wave phase is expected to have lower energy. The regime of such Plane Wave phase gets diminished with increasing of interaction , and finally disappears at a tricritical point around , where three phases merge. Beyond the tricritical point, only Normal to Stripe phase transition survives (see Fig. 4(b,d)). These features essentially reflect the competitions between kinetic and interaction energies of these states. In the weak interaction regime, the kinetic energy is dominant, and the system is always in a Normal phase when the single particle spectrum has only one minimum at . On the double minima side, the kinetic energies of Stripe and Plane Wave phases for the same are degenerate, and would be further lifted by the atomic interactions.

In Fig. (4), we plot the ground-state momenta and the interlayer polarization as functions of tunneling for two typical interaction strength. One can see that, the Plane Wave has homogeneous intralayer density but finite interlayer polarization , while the Stripe phase has inhomogeneous density with . On the other hand, since the atoms in the same layer repulse each other, the system tends to have both equal populations and homogeneous densities in each layer. Hence, close to the Normal phase, the Plane Wave phase with small but homogeneous intralayer density is more favorable. While with decreasing of , becomes larger and larger, and the system transits into the Stripe phase. Moreover, the Plane Wave phase would be also suppressed by increasing of interactions and turn to a Normal phase continuously. Such two transitions finally meet at a quantum tricritical point.

Several remarks are on hand: first, we have taken in numerical calculations, which gives no physical effects for and would modify the phase boundaries slightly for . Second, compared to the effective model in [1], here the external states in different layers play the role of spin rather than the internal states. The corresponding effective spin-spin interaction takes the value with , which is much larger than in the previous case, where is very close to the degenerate point [1, 24]. This makes the Stripe phase in this system quite robust [13]. Third, for , the phase diagrams are qualitatively unchanged around tricritical regime and similar analysis can be applied.

#### Odd N

When is odd, the situation changes a lot and the phase diagrams may exhibit different behaviors. To be specifc, in the following we take as an example to address this problem. Similar results can be found for .

In Fig. (5), we give the phase diagram for . It is interesting to see that even though the single-particle spectrum is only minimized at the state, the system can still be Plane Wave or Stripe phases carrying finite momenta in some regimes. In one hand, the zero-momentum Normal phase is predominant for small . In the other hand, the interaction energy would become significant with the increasing of interactions. As shown in Fig. (6e,f), the density of Normal phase in center layer is relative large. And for sufficient large , an instability to Plane Wave/Stripe phases with more delocalized atomic distribution and finite (Fig. (6a,b)) would happen, where the increasing of kinetic energies is compensated by the decreasing of interaction energies. Furthermore, similar to the even case, the Plane Wave phase with a finite (Fig. (6c,d)) only survives for moderate tunneling strength , between the Normal and Stripe phases, and ends at a tricritical point.

It is worthy to stress that, the emerging of Plane Wave/Stripe phases for odd is mainly driven by atom-atom interactions, in a sharp contrast to the even case, where the role is mainly played by atomic tunnelings. This may reflect the topological differences of single-particle ground-state manifolds between these two cases.

## Discussions and conclusions

We now discuss some experiment-related issues. First, our results are quite general and independent of specific atoms. Here, we take the Rb as an example. The simplest case can be achieved by a similar scheme as the bilayer configurations [24]. For , one can resort to a superlattice potential with more than two nonequivalent sites [39] or a linear tilt potential [37]. For a standing wave with wave-length and depth , where is the recoil energy, the trapping frequency in each well is about . If one choose , the Raman-assisted tunneling with the bare tunneling , can be tuned up to Hz by varying . Note that, can be satisfied to ensure the validity of tight-binding and the lowest band approximations. To reach the scope of the phase diagram, one need . This can be done by arranging the opening angles of two Raman lasers with . For a typical harmonic trap with frequency Hz, is much smaller than . In the case of Rb, Hz cm, and the corresponding with , is limited to a weakly interacting regime.

Up to now, we have neglected the effects of effective Zeeman fields and . For not too large and/or , the phase boundaries would be modified quantitatively [17] which are also confirmed in our case, while leaving the main results qualitatively unchanged. To detect these phases in experiments, one may implement the momentum-resolved time-of-flight measurements. The atom population in each well which characterizes and , can be measured via - absorption imaging.

In conclusions, we have investigated the ground states and the associated phase diagrams of a BEC in a laser-assisted 1D optical lattice potential forming a multilayer system. The unique -dependence of the single-particle spectra and the corresponding many-body ground-state configurations reflects the subtle competition between the effective SOC induced by laser-assisted interlayer tunneling and atom-atom interactions. Our results would have potential implications in searching new matter states in spin-orbit coupled Bose systems with a large spin. In future studies, one may consider the effects of interlayer long-range interactions, and the extensions to multicomponent BECs and Fermi gases.

## Methods

For weakly interacting Bose gases, the quantum fluctuations can be neglected safely. And one can adopt the variational method [13, 24] to investigate the ground states of the system. In mean-field level, the variational Ansatz of the ground-state wave-function can be constructed as:

 ΨG=a+Φkeikx+a−Φ−ke−ikx, (8)

where are the eigenstates of the lowest energy branch with momentum , determined by Eq. (4). and are complex amplitudes with normalization condition . In the dilute limit, one has for double minima case and for single minimum. While in general, is dependent on the interactions [13]. Minimizing the energy with respect to variational parameters , and , one can obtain the ground-state phases as well as the phase diagrams.

## Acknowledgement

This work is supported by NSFC (Grants No. 11404225, No. 11474205, No. 21503138, No. 11504037 and No. 11434015), Foundation of Beijing/Chongqing Education Committees (Grants No. KM201510028005, KM201310028004, and No. KJ1500311), and CSTC under Grant No. cstc2015jcyjA50024. G. J. acknowledges a support by Lithuanian Research Council (Grant No. MIP- 086/2015).

## Author contributions statement

Qing Sun performed the theoretical as well as the numerical calculations. Qing Sun, Jie Hu, Lin Wen, W.-M. Liu, G. Juzeliūnas and An-Chun Ji wrote and reviewed the manuscript.

Competing financial interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

### References

1. Lin, Y.-J., Jiménez-García, K. & Spielman, I. B. Spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensates. Nature 471, 83 (2011).
2. Zhang, J.-Y. et al. Collective Dipole Oscillations of a Spin-Orbit Coupled Bose-Einstein Condensate. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 115301(2012).
3. Wang, P. J. et al. Spin-Orbit Coupled Degenerate Fermi Gases. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 095301 (2012).
4. Cheuk, L. W. et al. Spin-Injection Spectroscopy of a Spin-Orbit Coupled Fermi Gas. M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 095302 (2012).
5. Qu, C., Hamner, C., Gong, M., Zhang, C. W. & Engels, P. Observation of Zitterbewegung in a spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensate. Phys. Rev. A 88, 021604(R) (2013).
6. Huang, L. H. et al. Experimental realization of two-dimensional synthetic spin-orbit coupling in ultracold Fermi gases. Nat. Phys. 12, 540 (2016).
7. Wu, Z. et al. Realization of Two-Dimensional Spin-orbit Coupling for Bose-Einstein Condensates. Science 354, 83 (2016).
8. Dalibard, J., Gerbier, F., Juzeliūnas, G. & Öhberg, P. Colloquium: Artificial gauge potentials for neutral atoms Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 1523 (2011).
9. Goldman, N., Juzeliūnas, G., Öhberg, P. & Spielman, I. B. Light-induced gauge fields for ultracold atoms. Rep. Prog. Phys. 77, 126401 (2014).
10. Zhou, X. F., Li, Y., Cai, Z. & Wu, C. J. Unconventional States of Bosons with the Synthetic Spin-orbit Coupling. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 46, 134001 (2013).
11. Zhai, H. Spin-Orbit Coupled Quantum Gases. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 26, 1230001 (2012); Degenerate Quantum Gases with Spin-Orbit Coupling. Rep. Prog. Phys. 78, 026001 (2015).
12. Wang, C. J., Gao, C., Jian, C.-M. & Zhai, H. Spin-Orbit Coupled Spinor Bose-Einstein Condensates. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 160403 (2010).
13. Li, Y., Pitaevskii, L. P. & Stringari, S. Quantum Tricriticality and Phase Transitions in Spin-Orbit Coupled Bose-Einstein Condensates. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 225301 (2012).
14. Martone, Giovanni I., Li, Y. & Stringari, S. Approach for making visible and stable stripes in a spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein superfluid. Phys. Rev. A 90, 041604(R) (2014).
15. Ho T.-L. & Zhang, S. Z. Bose-Einstein Condensates with Spin-Orbit Interaction. Phys. Rev. Lett.107, 150403 (2011).
16. Xu, Z. F., Lü, R. & You, L. Emergent patterns in a spin-orbit-coupled spin-2 Bose-Einstein condensate. Phys. Rev. A 83, 053602 (2011).
17. Wen, L., Sun, Q., Wang, H. Q., Ji, A. C. & Liu, W. M. Ground state of spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates with spin-orbit coupling in a Zeeman field. Phys. Rev. A 86, 043602 (2012).
18. Zhang, Y. P., Mao, L. & Zhang, C. W. Mean-Field Dynamics of Spin-Orbit Coupled Bose-Einstein Condensates. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 035302 (2012).
19. Sinha, S., Nath, R. & Santos, L. Trapped Two-Dimensional Condensates with Synthetic Spin-Orbit Coupling. Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 270401 (2011).
20. Hu, H., Ramachandhran, B., Pu, H. & Liu, X.-J. Spin-Orbit Coupled Weakly Interacting Bose-Einstein Condensates in Harmonic Traps. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 010402 (2012).
21. Wilson, R. M., Anderson, B. M. & Clark, C. W. Meron Ground State of Rashba Spin-Orbit-Coupled Dipolar Bosons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 185303 (2013).
22. Kawakami, T., Mizushima, T., Nitta, M. & Machida, K. Stable Skyrmions in Gauged Bose-Einstein Condensates. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 015301 (2012).
23. Chen, X., Rabinovic, M., Anderson, B. M. & Santos, L. Ring model for trapped condensates with synthetic spin-orbit coupling. Phys. Rev. A 90, 043632 (2014).
24. Sun, Q., Wen, L., Liu, W.-M., Juzeliūnas, G. & Ji, A.-C. Tunneling-assisted spin-orbit coupling in bilayer Bose-Einstein condensates. Phys. Rev. A 91, 033619 (2015).
25. Su, S.-W. et al. Rashba-type Spin-orbit Coupling in Bilayer Bose-Einstein Condensates. Phys. Rev. A 93, 053630 (2016).
26. Ruseckas, J., Juzeliūnas, G., Öhberg, P. & Fleischhauer, M. Non-Abelian Gauge Potentials for Ultracold Atoms with Degenerate Dark States. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 010404 (2005).
27. Stanescu, T. D. & Galitski, V. Spin relaxation in a generic two-dimensional spin-orbit coupled system. Phys. Rev. B 75, 125307 (2007).
28. Jacob, A., Öhberg, P., Juzeliūnas, G. & Santos, L. Cold atom dynamics in non-Abelian gauge fields. Appl. Phys. B 89, 439 (2007).
29. Juzeliūnas, G., Ruseckas, J., Lindberg, M., Santos, L. & Öhberg, P. Quasirelativistic behavior of cold atoms in light fields. Phys. Rev. A 77, 011802(R) (2008).
30. Juzeliūnas, G., Ruseckas, J. & Dalibard, J. Generalized Rashba-Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling for cold atoms. Phys. Rev. A 81, 053403 (2010).
31. Campbell, D. L., Juzeliūnas, G. & Spielman, I. B. Realistic Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling for neutral atoms. Phys. Rev. A 84, 025602 (2011).
32. Xu, Z. F. & You, L. Dynamical generation of arbitrary spin-orbit couplings for neutral atoms. Phys. Rev. A 85, 043605 (2012).
33. Xu, Z. F., You, L. & Ueda, M. Atomic spin-orbit coupling synthesized with magnetic-field-gradient pulses. Phys. Rev. A 87, 063634 (2013).
34. Anderson, B. M., Juzeliūnas, G., Galitski, V. M. & Spielman, I. B. Synthetic 3D Spin-Orbit Coupling. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 235301 (2012).
35. Anderson, B. M., Spielman, I. B. & Juzeliūnas, G. Magnetically Generated Spin-Orbit Coupling for Ultracold Atoms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 125301 (2013).
36. Liu, X.-J., Law, K. T. & Ng, T. K. Realization of 2D Spin-Orbit Interaction and Exotic Topological Orders in Cold Atoms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 086401 (2014).
37. Jaksch D. & Zoller, P, Creation of effective magnetic fields in optical lattices: the Hofstadter butterfly for cold neutral atoms. New J. Phys. 5, 56 (2003).
38. Mueller, E. J. Artificial electromagnetism for neutral atoms: Escher staircase and Laughlin liquids. Phys. Rev. A 70, 041603 (2004).
39. Gerbier, F. & Dalibard, J. Gauge fields for ultracold atoms in optical superlattices. New J. Phys. 12, 033007 (2010).
40. Aidelsburger, M. et al. Experimental Realization of Strong Effective Magnetic Fields in an Optical Lattice. Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 255301 (2011).
41. Aidelsburger, M. et al. Realization of the Hofstadter Hamiltonian with Ultracold Atoms in Optical Lattices. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 185301 (2013).
42. Miyake, H., Siviloglou, G. A., Kennedy, C. J., Burton, W. C. & Ketterle, W. Realizing the Harper Hamiltonian with Laser-Assisted Tunneling in Optical Lattices. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 185302 (2013).
43. Atala, M. et al. Observation of chiral currents with ultracold atoms in bosonic ladders. Nat. Phys. 10, 588 (2014).
44. Li, J. et al. Spin-Orbit Coupling and Spin Textures in Optical Superlattices. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 185301 (2016).
45. Larson, J., Martikainen, J., Collin, A. & Sjöqvist, E. Spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensate in a tilted optical lattice. Phys. Rev. A 82, 043620 (2010).
46. Stamper-Kurn, Dan M. & Ueda, M. Spinor Bose gases: Symmetries, magnetism, and quantum dynamics. Rev. Mod. Phys. 85, 1191 (2013).
47. Dahan, M. Ben, Peik, E., Reichel, J., Castin, Y. & Salomon, C. Bloch Oscillations of Atoms in an Optical Potential. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4508 (1996).
48. Morsch, O., Müller, J. H., Cristiani, M., Ciampini, D. & Arimondo, E. Bloch Oscillations and Mean-Field Effects of Bose-Einstein Condensates in 1D Optical Lattices. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 140402 (2001).
49. Fattori, M. et al. Atom Interferometry with a Weakly Interacting Bose-Einstein Condensate. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 080405 (2008).
50. Gustavsson, M. et al. Control of Interaction-Induced Dephasing of Bloch Oscillations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 080404 (2008).
51. Alberti, A., Ivanov, V. V., Tino, G. M. & Ferrari, G. Engineering the quantum transport of atomic wavefunctions over macroscopic distances. Nat. Phys. 5, 547 (2009).
52. Haller, E. et al. Inducing Transport in a Dissipation-Free Lattice with Super Bloch Oscillations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 200403 (2010).
You are adding the first comment!
How to quickly get a good reply:
• Give credit where it’s due by listing out the positive aspects of a paper before getting into which changes should be made.
• Be specific in your critique, and provide supporting evidence with appropriate references to substantiate general statements.
• Your comment should inspire ideas to flow and help the author improves the paper.

The better we are at sharing our knowledge with each other, the faster we move forward.
The feedback must be of minimum 40 characters and the title a minimum of 5 characters