Extremely-bright submm galaxies

# Extremely-bright submillimeter galaxies beyond the Lupus-I star-forming region

###### Abstract

We report detections of two candidate distant submillimeter galaxies (SMGs), MM J154506.4344318 and MM J154132.7350320, which are discovered in the AzTEC/ASTE 1.1 mm survey toward the Lupus-I star-forming region. The two objects have 1.1 mm flux densities of 43.9 and 27.1 mJy, and have Herschel/SPIRE counterparts as well. The Submillimeter Array counterpart to the former SMG is identified at 890  and 1.3 mm. Photometric redshift estimates using all available data from the mid-infrared to the radio suggest that the redshifts of the two SMGs are –5 and 3, respectively. Near-infrared objects are found very close to the SMGs and they are consistent with low- ellipticals, suggesting that the high apparent luminosities can be attributed to gravitational magnification. The cumulative number counts at  mJy, combined with other two 1.1-mm brightest sources, are  deg, which is consistent with a model prediction that accounts for flux magnification due to strong gravitational lensing. Unexpectedly, a SMG and a Galactic dense starless core (e.g., a first hydrostatic core) could be similar in the mid-infrared to millimeter spectral energy distributions and spatial structures at least at . This indicates that it is necessary to distinguish the two possibilities by means of broad band photometry from the optical to centimeter and spectroscopy to determine the redshift, when a compact object is identified toward Galactic star-forming regions.

galaxies: evolution — galaxies: formation — galaxies: high-redshift — galaxies: starburst — ISM: individual objects (Lupus-I Molecular Cloud) — submillimeter: galaxies
slugcomment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

## 1. Introduction

In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in finding the brightest ( mJy or mJy) population of submillimeter (submm) galaxies (SMGs, e.g., Blain et al., 2002; Casey et al., 2014) via square-degree scale surveys using far-infrared (FIR) to millimeter (mm) single dish telescopes in space and on the ground. Thanks to their apparent high luminosity, usually with the aid of gravitational magnification, the brightest SMGs offer a unique opportunity to investigate physical properties of the ISM (e.g., Harris et al., 2010; Ivison et al., 2010; Cox et al., 2011; Danielson et al., 2011, 2013; Scott et al., 2011; Valtchanov et al., 2011; Combes et al., 2012; Decarli et al., 2012; Iono et al., 2012; Lupu et al., 2012; Bothwell et al., 2013; Omont et al., 2013), resolved star-forming activity (e.g., Swinbank et al., 2010; Negrello et al., 2010; Fu et al., 2012, 2013) and gas dynamics (e.g., Riechers et al., 2011; Rawle et al., 2013; Messias et al., 2014) at the peak of the star-formation history of galaxies.

Furthermore, the brightest SMGs located in the high-redshift tail of the SMG redshift distribution (median –3, e.g., Chapman et al., 2005; Yun et al., 2012; Swinbank et al., 2014) at –6 provide a severe challenge to theories of galaxy formation and evolution (Baugh et al., 2005; Granato et al., 2004, 2006). The surface density of the brightest SMGs holds integrated information on when galaxies undergo intense starburst and how frequently strong gravitational lensing occurs, on which galaxy formation models depend. But, the source counts of brightest SMGs in the high- tail are highly uncertain because of poor statistics, and it is indeed hard to find them; only a single SMG with  mJy is expected within –10 deg from limited knowledge of current studies (Scott et al., 2012; Vieira et al., 2010). Large-area surveys using Herschel/SPIRE (250, 350, and 500 m) have recently revealed strongly lensed galaxies bright at 250–500  (e.g., Negrello et al., 2010; González-Nuevo et al., 2012). These surveys bring about a great change in our understanding of the statistical properties of the SMG population. The SPIRE bands, however, preferentially select SMGs at modest redshifts (), and the study of SMGs in the high- tail (–6) is still far from being complete.

The mm to long-submm wavelength cameras such as SCUBA, SCUBA-2 (850 , Holland et al., 1999, 2013), MAMBO-2 (1.2 mm, Kreysa et al., 1998), AzTEC (1.1 mm, Wilson et al., 2008a), and Laboca (870 , Siringo et al., 2009) are complementary to those FIR to short-submm surveys; For example, observations at longer wavelengths with the MAMBO and AzTEC cameras and the South Pole Telescope (SPT, Carlstrom et al., 2011) may exploit a uniform selection function in redshift space, allowing the efficient detection of the brightest SMGs out to (e.g., Lestrade et al., 2009, 2010; Ikarashi et al., 2011; Vieira et al., 2013; Weiß et al., 2013). We have used the AzTEC camera to carry out large-area surveys toward Galactic star-forming regions, which cover  deg of the sky in total with sensitivities of 5–30 mJy beam. From mm/submm number counts (Negrello et al., 2010; Vieira et al., 2010; Scott et al., 2012; Takekoshi et al., 2013), several detections of ultra-bright ( mJy) extragalactic sources at cosmological distances are expected within the survey area. This is complementary to earlier attempts to search for extremely-bright SMGs and to constrain the brightest end of extragalactic number counts by exploiting submm maps from Galactic surveys (e.g., Barnard et al., 2004).

In this paper, we report the AzTEC detections and multi-wavelength analyses of two 1.1-mm bright sources, MM J154506.4344318 and MM J154132.7350320 (hereafter MM-J1545 and MM-J1541, respectively; see Figure 1). These sources are found toward the Lupus-I star-forming region, a local () molecular cloud, and indeed the close proximity of MM-J1545 to the molecular cloud misled us to classify it as a starless core when it was initially identified with the AzTEC 1.1-mm camera. Multi-wavelength data collected by subsequent follow-up observations, however, strongly suggest that they are galaxies at cosmological distances as presented in this paper, illustrating the importance of multi-wavelength imaging and spectroscopy of such objects.

The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes observations and archival data obtained toward MM-J1545 and MM-J1541. In Section 3, we present the results from the observations and photometric redshift estimates. Section 4 discusses the gravitational lensing effect on both objects, the brightest end of the 1.1 mm number counts, and the FIR-to-mm colors of the mm-selected sources. In Section 4, we also explore a possibility that MM-J1545 would be a Galactic starless core. Finally, Section 5 summarizes our conclusions.

Throughout this paper, we assume a concordance cosmology with , , and km s Mpc.

## 2. Observations and data

### 2.1. AzTEC Observations and Archival Data

The 1.1-mm data were taken with the AzTEC bolometer camera (Wilson et al., 2008a) installed on the Atacama Submillimeter Experiment 10 m telescope (ASTE, Ezawa et al., 2004, 2008) located at Atacama (altitude of 4860 m) in the Chilean Andes, during August 2007 to December 2008. The weather conditions during the runs were excellent; The typical 220-GHz zenith opacities were in the range of 0.01–0.08. AzTEC/ASTE provides an angular resolution of in full-width at half maximum (FWHM). The complete description of the Lupus-I starless core survey will be reported elsewhere (Tsukagoshi et al., in preparation).

The reduction procedure is described by Scott et al. (2008) and Downes et al. (2012). To extract point-like sources, the time-stream data were intensively cleaned using a principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm, and then mapped. The PCA cleaning works as a high-pass filter in the spatial frequency domain, and thus emission extended significantly compared with the beam solid angle is fully filtered out. The FWHM of the point response function is after an optimal filter is applied to surpress high spatial frequency noises. The pointing was checked every 1 hr using nearby radio quasars, resulting in the astrometric accuracy better than . Uranus and Neptune were used for flux density calibration, yielding an absolute accuracy better than 10%. The resulting root-mean-square (r.m.s.) noise over the mapped 4-deg region of the Lupus-I cloud is 5 mJy beam.

We retrieve Level-2 images of Herschel/SPIRE from the Herschel Science Archive (HSA). The SPIRE data were obtained in 2011 January in parallel mode (Observation ID: 1342213182) and are processed through a pipeline software with a standard processing generation (SPG) version of v8.2.1. The resulting 250–500 images cover a region of Lupus-I with typical noise levels of 5–15 mJy beam. The details of the data are given by Rygl et al. (2013).

For near to mid-IR photometry, we refer to the public source catalogs obtained with the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC, Fazio et al., 2004) and Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS, Rieke et al., 2004) onboard Spitzer, WISE (Wright et al., 2010) and the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS, Skrutskie et al., 2006), which are available at the NASA Infrared Science Archive (IRSA). The Spitzer photometric data are provided by the Spitzer Space Telescope “From Molecular Cores to Planet-forming Disks” (C2D) Legacy Program (Evans et al., 2003, 2009). In addition, we also retrieve the basic calibrated data (BCD) from the Spitzer Heritage Archive (SHA) in order to estimate the noise levels of the IRAC 3.6 and 5.8 and MIPS 24 photometry. The BCD of IRAC and MIPS are processed through masking, flat fielding, background matching, and mosaicing using a standard single frame pipeline on the Mopex software. The resulting r.m.s. noise levels at 3.6, 5.8 and 24 are 0.2, 1.5 Jy beam and 0.1 mJy beam, respectively. The details on the Spitzer observations and catalogs are reported in Evans et al. (2009).

The NRAO Very Large Array Sky Survey (NVSS, Condon et al., 1998) and the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS) data are also available at the positions of MM-J1545 and MM-J1541.

### 2.2. Ancillary Data for MM-J1545

For MM-J1545, we used the Submillimeter Array (SMA, Ho et al., 2004) to measure its precise position and spatial extent, and then subsequently obtained multi-wavelength ancillary data that we describe below.

#### 2.2.1 The Submillimeter Array Observations

MM-J1545 was observed with the SMA at 890  in 2010 January and at 1.3 mm in 2011 April. The 890- observations were performed in the extended configuration with eight antennas, which provided projected baselines ranging from 15 to 171 meters. The observing conditions were good (225-GHz zenith opacity of 0.05). The double side-band (DSB) receivers were tuned to a local oscillator (LO) frequency of 335.15 GHz, and the correlator provided 4-GHz band width in each sideband. The 1.3 mm observations were carried out in the compact configuration. The receivers were tuned so that CO, CO and CO = 2–1 emission lines from the Lupus-I cloud (i.e., ), as well as 1.3 mm continuum emission of MM-J1545, can be imaged. The LO frequency was set to 224.86 GHz. The atmospheric transparency was again good. In both observing runs, two quasars J1626298 ( Jy) and J1454377 (0.33 Jy) were used for complex gain calibration, while the passband response was calibrated using 3C273 and 3C279. The absolute flux density was scaled from the primary calibrator Titan. The accuracy of the flux calibration is estimated to be 15%.

All of the data editing and calibration were performed using idl-based standard routines in the mir software package. The calibrated visibility data were imaged (Fourier-transformed) and deconvolved using miriad (Sault et al., 1995) tasks, invert and clean, respectively. In continuum imaging, the upper (USB) and lower sideband (LSB) data, eliminating channels where the local molecular lines are expected, were combined before imaging. The natural-weighted synthesized beam sizes at 335 GHz and 225 GHz are (the position angle, PA = ) and (PA = ), respectively. The resulting r.m.s. noise levels at 335 and 225 GHz are 3.0 and 0.76 mJy beam, respectively.

#### 2.2.2 Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array Observations

The Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) 6 cm data were taken in C-configuration in 2010 November (project ID: 10C-226). The correlator was configured to provide  MHz subbands covering from 4.2 to 6.1 GHz. The data were calibrated using the VLA Calibration Pipeline, which is based on the casa data reduction package (McMullin et al., 2007). Imaging was also carried out using casa employing the multi-frequency synthesis algorithm (spectral Taylor expansion) with nterms = 2 during the deconvolution, to take into account the spectral index of the sources within the field (Rau & Cornwell, 2011), along with Briggs weighting (robust = 0.5). The resulting synthesized beam is at position angle , and the r.m.s. noise is 5.8 Jy beam.

#### 2.2.3 The Australian Telescope Compact Array Observations

The Australian Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) was used to take 7 mm continuum data in the H214 array configuration in 2013 October and in the H168 configuration in 2014 April (project ID: C2910). We used five tunings to fully cover the 33.4–50.4 GHz band to search for a redshifted CO (2–1) line (Taniguchi et al., in preparation). The center frequencies were set to 35.25, 38.75, 42.20, 45.40, 48.60 GHz, and two 2 GHz spectral windows of the CABB correlator were configured adjacently, resulting in an instantaneous frequency coverage of 3.9 GHz for each tuning. The complex gain was monitored using a radio source B1541375 ( Jy, away from MM-J1545). Bandpass and delay calibrations were performed using 3C 279 once per night before the observations started. Mars was used for absolute flux density calibration. The absolute flux density uncertainty is estimated to be . The data were calibrated using miriad and imaged using casa with Briggs weighting (robust parameter of 0.5). We did not use the five longest baselines including the antenna at the W392 station because of poor phase stability. The resulting synthesized beam size and r.m.s. noise level were (PA = ) and 35 Jy beam, respectively.

#### 2.2.4 Nobeyama Observations

We also use the Nobeyama Millimeter Array (NMA) at Nobeyama Radio Observatory (NRO) to constrain the 3 mm photometry. The observations were done during 2010 April and May in the D configuration, where only five antennas were operational. The DSB receivers were tuned at 98.20 GHz (LSB,  mm) and 110.20 GHz (USB), and the UWBC correlator (Okumura et al., 2000) with a 1-GHz bandwidth was used. We did not use the USB data because of poor quality. The visibility data were calibrated with uvproc-ii (Tsutsumi et al., 1997), and then imaged using the aips (Greisen, 2003) task, imagr. The resulting beam size and r.m.s. noise level are (PA = ) and 2.0 mJy beam, respectively.

Since MM-J1545 is toward the edge region of a Galactic molecular cloud, it is necessary to carefully investigate whether the source is indeed extragalactic. We used the NRO 45-m telescope to observe Galactic CO (1–0), CO (1–0) and CO (1–0) emission lines. The 45 m observations were performed during 2010 January to April. The CO and CO observations were carried out with the on-the-fly (OTF) mode of the multi-beam BEARS receiver (Sunada et al., 2000) and with the position switching mode of the T100 single-beam receiver (Nakajima et al., 2008), respectively. The CO map covered a region including MM-J1545 and a part of the Lupus-I cloud located north-east of MM-J1545. The CO OTF observations covered a region centered on MM-J1545. In both of the observations, the AC45 digital spectrometer was used. For the CO observations, we used the T100 single-beam receiver and the acousto-optical spectrometers with a high-dispersion mode (AOS-H) in the standard position-switching mode, providing a spectral resolution of 0.10 km s at 110 GHz. Intensity calibration was done using the single-temperature chopper-wheel method, and the accuracy of intensity calibration is estimated to be 20%.

#### 2.2.5 Near-infrared Observations

We carried out near-infrared (NIR) imaging observations of MM-J1545 with the Subaru telescope equipped with the MOIRCS instrument (Ichikawa et al., 2006; Suzuki et al., 2008) on 2010 April 23. The observations were made with the -band filter at = 2.15 , with a pixel scale of pix. The total integration time was 2.9 ksec. The position and magnitude were calibrated with several 2MASS point sources with within . The systematic uncertainties of the astrometry and magnitude are estimated to be and 0.07 mag, respectively.

JH-band imaging observations were performed with the Wide Field Camera (WFCAM, Casali et al., 2007) attached to the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) on Mauna Kea, during 2010 March 15–19. These observations were complemented with the MOIRCS and Spitzer data. The sky was photometric throughout these nights and seeing sizes were mostly . A five-point dithering and a four-point micro-stepping were used in all observations to compensate for bad pixels and to recover full point spread function sampling. This results in proper sampling of the seeing size with the WFCAM pixels. Each exposure time was 10 sec, yielding total integration times of 2.8 ksec and 2.4 ksec at and , respectively. All of the data were reduced in a standard manner. The astrometric uncertainties are less than , and the photometric errors at and are 0.18 and 0.32 mag, respectively.

## 3. Results

### 3.1. Individual Sources

MM-J1545 and MM-J1541 are detected at 1.1 mm at signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of 7.8 and 5.4, respectively. The flux densities of MM-J1545 and MM-J1541, which are measured for the PCA-cleaned map, are  mJy and  mJy. We do not correct for possible flux boosting due to underlying fainter sources since it is difficult to estimate the Bayesian prior from uncertain number counts at  mJy. They are, however, unlikely flux-boosted because such bright sources are extremely rare and, as we shall discuss in § 4.2, the shape of the number counts are appear to be much flatter than those at  mJy, where flux boosting is significant. These two are amongst the four brightest ever discovered in the AzTEC/ASTE campaign, one of which is a  mJy SMG at reported by Ikarashi et al. (2011) (known as Orochi or HXMM02, Wardlow et al., 2013) and the other is a 43-mJy source toward the peripheral field of the Small Magellanic Cloud reported elsewhere (Takekoshi et al., 2013). Both of the sources toward the Lupus-I cloud are also detected in the SPIRE 250, 350, and 500- bands, most of which have flux densities of 100-mJy. In this respect, both are very similar in FIR-to-mm brightness to the extremely-luminous SMGs detected in the Herschel-ATLAS (González-Nuevo et al., 2012) and HerMES surveys (Wardlow et al., 2013). The coordinates and results of photometry are listed in Table 1. The postage stamp images are given in Figure 2.

An important point that we must note is that the sources are found toward a Galactic () molecular cloud. Multi-wavelength data require an extremely cold ( K) and compact () nature of the sources, which is too rare among Galactic star-forming objects and thus unlikely associated with the molecular clouds, but are located at cosmological distances. The spatial profiles are all consistent with a point-like source with the AzTEC () and SPIRE (20–30) beams, unlike starless cores found in Galactic molecular clouds, which are typically found to be  pc corresponding to at the distance to the Lupus-I cloud (e.g., Onishi et al., 2002). The SPIRE photometry places a constraint on the peak positions of dust spectral energy distributions (SEDs) at –400 , which indicates the effective dust temperatures of  K. Given the dust temperatures found in starburst galaxies ( K), this suggests that MM-J1545 and MM-J1541 are situated at . We will perform photometric redshift estimates in § 3.2. Below is a summary of the individual sources.

#### 3.1.1 Mm-J1545

The SMA interferometric observations at 890 and 1.3 mm confirms the exact position at the J2000 equatorial coordinate of () = () with the uncertainties of and at 890  and 1.3 mm, respectively (see below for estimation of positional uncertainties). The flux densities at 890  and 1.3 mm are  mJy and  mJy, respectively. The 890  image is resolved with its beam, and the beam-deconvolved source size fitted with a single 2-dimensional Gaussian using a miriad task uvfit is (PA = ). Figure 3 shows the visibility amplitudes versus projected baseline length (i.e., the Fourier transform of a radial profile as a function of spatial frequency) for MM-J1545. The Fourier components are well expressed by a single Gaussian ( in FWHM) with a constant offset ( mJy), implying a cusp-like compact structure embedded in a extended () component.

At the SMA position, VLA 6 cm and ATCA 7 mm emission is also detected at Jy and Jy, respectively, but it is not resolved with the VLA and ATCA beams. We do not detect 2.7 mm emission in the NMA image, which provides a upper limit of 5.9 mJy. The counterpart was not detected in the MIPS 24  down to the limiting flux density of 0.3 mJy.

In Figure 4, we fit the SED from the infrared to the radio with a single-component modified blackbody (or graybody), , where is the Planck function and is the dust absorption coefficient which follows a power-law function of frequency . The FIR-to-mm part of the SED is well described with a single modified blackbody with an effective temperature of  K and the emissivity index of . However, the 6-cm flux clearly exceeds the gray-body function. The spectral index over the 6 cm band is (the error is the 1 confidence interval), where . This is rather flat compared with the Rayleigh-Jeans slope of , suggesting that the 6-cm flux arises from synchrotron and/or free-free emission.

In the MOIRCS, WFCAM and IRAC images, a faint ( in the Vega magnitude system, Jy) source is detected at east of the SMA 890- peak. Hereafter we refer to this NIR object as J1545B. Table 2 lists the optical to NIR photometry of J1545B. Figure 5 shows the centroids and uncertainties of multi-wavelength counterparts detected in the NIR (2.15 , 3.6 ) and the submm to centimeter (890 , 1.3 mm, 7 mm, 6 cm). The positional uncertainty of each counterpart is estimated by adding statistical and systematic errors in quadrature. The statistical error is obtained from , where and SNR are the beam FWHM and signal-to-noise ratio. Given the small positional uncertainty of the SMA and MOIRCS (), this offset is significant and it is unlikely that J1545B is a counterpart to MM-J1545. The FWHM of the MOIRCS image of J1545B is the , whereas that of a nearby star (point spread function, PSF) is , suggesting that J1545B is intrinsically extended (a PSF-deconvolved size of ) and likely a low- galaxy along the line of sight toward MM-J1545. This close association of a foreground galaxy may gravitationally magnify the background object, which can naturally explain the extreme flux density of MM-J1545. The possible gravitational lensing will be discussed in § 4.1

Furthermore, we do not detect the = 2–1 and 1–0 transitions of CO toward MM-J1545, as shown in Figure 6. From this we put a meaningful constraint on a molecular mass of a possible Galactic dense gas core, suggesting that MM-J1545 is not of Galactic origin. The = 2–1 and 1–0 transitions of CO trace molecular gas with and cm, respectively, and universally seen associated with Galactic starless cores. The upper limits on the main-beam temperature with a velocity resolution of 0.5 km s are  K (CO –1) and  K (CO –0), yielding an upper limit to the dense gas mass under the local thermodynamical equilibrium (LTE) of from the CO (1–0) constraint. This LTE mass is much smaller than those found in Galactic starless cores. No compact CO nor CO emission is significantly detected at the SMA continuum position although ambient molecular gases are contaminated across the field of view of the 45-m and SMA maps. The absence of high-velocity components in CO spectra, which trace molecular outflows from an accreting protostellar system, rules out any protostellar phases.

The 6 cm emission is also critical to judge if the object is extragalactic; starless cores have neither synchrotron nor free-free emission unlike galaxies. The clear excess to the gray-body defined at 250  to 7 mm and the rather flat spectral index in the 6 cm band excludes the possibility that the 6 cm signal is dominated by dust emission from a Galactic starless core. Thus, it is natural to suppose the object to be extragalactic. We will further discuss on the Galactic possibility in § 4.4.

#### 3.1.2 Mm-J1541

MM-J1541 is also unlikely a Galactic source, because it is well isolated from the main clouds () of Lupus-I and meets the “off-cloud” criterion defined by Rygl et al. (2013). It is significantly detected at 24  with Spitzer (SNR 6) at = (), all consistent with a SMG, although no IRAC data are available. A small enhancement (, 1.3 mJy) at 20 cm is seen in the NVSS 20-cm image. As shown in Figure 4, the FIR-to-mm part of the SED is well described by a single component gray-body with an effective dust temperature of  K, where we assume a dust emissivity index of because of the limited number of photometric data points.

A bright NIR/optical source is detected in 2MASS and DSS images at = (, ), which is south-west of the 24 centroid. We hereafter refer to this 2MASS/DSS object as J1541B. We also find a 3.2 and 4.6 object in WISE data at this position. Unfortunately, we have no higher resolution images at 24 or longer wavelengths, at which the emission likely comes from MM-J1541. But given that the 24 source is detected at high SNR and is likely a counterpart to MM-J1541, we can place a constraint on its position; the statistical uncertainty is estimated to be while the systematic error is , yielding a total positional uncertainty of 24 image of approximately . The positions of J1541B measured in six 2MASS/DSS bands coincide with each other, and the astrometric accuracy is estimated to be better than for J1541B222Explanatory Supplement to the 2MASS All Sky Data Release and Extended Mission Products, § II. 2, http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/releases/allsky/doc/explsup.html. Therefore, the offset between the 24 peak and the 2MASS/DSS position is significant at a level. Furthermore the shape of the SED is consistent with that of a low- passive elliptical as discussed later in § 4.1, suggesting that J1541B may be a galaxy which lenses the background SMG MM-J1541 at . We list flux densities of J1541B in Table 2 and will further discuss the possible lensing in § 4.1.

### 3.2. Photometric Redshift Estimates

We fit the SED models to the photometric data points at to constrain their photometric redshifts and FIR luminosities. We use SED templates of well-characterized starburst galaxies; Arp 220, M 82, (GRASIL, Silva et al., 1998), a composite of 76 radio-identified SMGs with spectroscopic redshifts (Michałowski et al., 2010), and SMM J21350201 (the cosmic eyelash, Swinbank et al., 2010) to search for minimum by simply varying the redshifts and luminosities of the SED templates. We consider 20% of an absolute flux density uncertainty for all photometric points in addition to the statistical error. We also take into account the confusion noise (Nguyen et al., 2010) for photometric errors of the SPIRE bands.

Figure 4 shows the results of photometric redshift estimates and the best-fit SEDs. The inferred redshift of MM-J1545 is –5, although the derived photometric redshifts depends on the templates. Overall, the measured SED is in good agreement with the Arp 220 and SMM J2135 templates although the fit with M 82 is poorer than the others. The best-fit redshifts and 68% confidence intervals are (Arp 220), (M 82), (average-SMG) and (SMM J2135). The inferred FIR luminosities for the best-fit redshifts are then (Arp 220), (M 82), (average-SMG), and (SMM J2135). The dust temperature is –40 K if –4.7, which is similar to those found in SMGs (e.g., Kovács et al., 2006).

The redshift of MM-J1541 is estimated to be , although the available photometric data are very limited. Among the templates, Arp 220 better reproduces the actual SED than the others, and the 24 detection is well accounted for by the 7.7- feature of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The photometric redshifts obtained the templates are (Arp 220), (M 82), (average-SMG) and (SMM J2135). The inferred FIR luminosities for the best-fit redshifts are then (Arp 220), (M 82), (average-SMG), and (SMM J2135). If we consider , then the dust temperature is approximately 34 K, again consistent with those found in SMGs.

## 4. Discussions

### 4.1. Possibility of Galaxy–Galaxy Lensing

The extreme luminosities of MM-J1545 and MM-J1541 are likely attributed to galaxy-galaxy lensing; In many cases, an elliptical galaxy seen in the optical to NIR is associated with brightest () SMGs. Interferometric imaging of these bright sources often reveals multiply split images or extended structures that are well explained by strong gravitational lensing models (e.g., Negrello et al., 2010; Ikarashi et al., 2011; Wardlow et al., 2013; Vieira et al., 2013; Bussmann et al., 2013). In addition, detailed modeling of the mm/submm source number counts suggests that the excess of the counts at high flux densities ( mJy for example) are dominated by strongly lensed SMGs as well as nearby galaxies (Negrello et al., 2010).

The NIR sources, J1545B and J1541B, may be lensing objects. While the lack of multiband optical photometry in J1545B makes it difficult to determine the lensing properties, the clear 2MASS/DSS detections of J1541B allow us to estimate the magnification factor and thus the intrinsic nature of MM-J1541. Hence, we focus on the lensing property of the MM-J1541–J1541B system first, and then discuss the MM-J1545–J1545B system.

#### 4.1.1 Mm-J1541

To characterize the properties of J1541B, we perform SED fits to the optical-to-NIR photometric data of J1541B using the Hyperz code developed by Bolzonella et al. (2000). In SED fits, we used SED templates of Bruzual & Charlot (2003). From the SPIRE map, the visual extinction toward MM-J1541 is approximately 1.5, but the stray light from the Moon in the SPIRE observations (Rygl et al., 2013) can bias against low visual extinction. We assume a conservative value of . Note that this assumption does not dramatically affect the result because the total extinction is considered by combining the Galactic reddening and the intrinsic extinction, which eventually compensates the uncertainty in the Galactic extinction. Figure 7 shows the result of SED fits. The photometric redshift (photo-) of J1541B is (, the error bar is from the 68% confidence interval). The optical to NIR SED is well described by a 33 Myr elliptical model with a stellar mass of and an intrinsic extinction of . The -band decrement can be accounted for by the 4000 Å break at , which is well within the photo- range. The best-fit stellar age is young (33 Myr) but maturer stellar SEDs can reasonably match the actual SED as well.

Then we make use of the Faber-Jackson relation (FJR, Faber & Jackson, 1976) to constrain the velocity dispersion of the lensing galaxy, which allows us to model a singular isothermal sphere (SIS) as a lensing dark halo. FJR has originally been proposed as an empirical relation between -band absolute magnitude and velocity dispersion of galaxies. Similar relations are now confirmed in many filter bands out to the NIR (Pahre et al., 1998; La Barbera et al., 2010). In our case, the reddening can be significant because of the foreground Galactic molecular cloud, so we use the NIR version of FJR presented in Eq. 5 of La Barbera et al. (2010). The Einstein radius of a SIS mass distribution is expressed as

 θE=1\farcs154×(σv200kms−1)2(DSA1Gpc)(DLSA1Gpc)−1,

where is the velocity dispersion, and are the angular diameter distances from the observer to the background source and from the foreground lens to the background source, respectively. In the redshift range of , which covers the 68% redshift confidence interval of J1541B, we find the velocity dispersion ranging km s from the magnitude and FJR. When we consider the background SMG at (§ 3.2), then we find , which is smaller than the actual separation between J1541B and the 24 peak. We estimate the magnification factor at the 24 position ( apart from the lens centroid) using a gravitational lensing model glafic (Oguri, 2010), in which we employ a circular-symmetric SIS with the velocity dispersion derived above. For and , we find and the magnification factor at the position of MM-J1541, . If we go to that is the edge of the 68% confidence interval, then we have and . To get the Einstein radius closer to the 3 separation angle, it would be necessary to double the angular diameter distance to the lens and/or increase the luminosity of the lens galaxy by a factor of , which is very difficult to achieve within the uncertainties in the measured quantities. We have another likelihood peak at (, see Figure 7), but this is unlikely because the inferred stellar mass is too high (). Even if this would be the case, the magnification still remains a moderate value of . Consequently, the magnification factor of MM-J1541 is not likely as high as but rather moderate (), suggesting that MM-J1541 might be an intrinsically hyper-luminous star-forming galaxy with a demagnified 1.1-mm flux density of 20 mJy or the intrinsic FIR luminosity of –13.9.

#### 4.1.2 Mm-J1545

On the other hand, amplification for MM-J1545 at –5 may be larger although measurement of its magnification using existing data is difficult. The Fourier analysis of the SMA visibility data of MM-J1545 clearly shows its extended morphology (FWHM , see Figure 3), suggesting that the source could be magnified by a foreground galaxy seen as J1545B. Unfortunately, we only have the limited number of photometric data points for J1545B, which likely suffer from relatively large Galactic reddening of . We find no apparent spectral break at , suggesting the lens redshift of . So we assume several lens redshifts and a source redshift (, from § 3.2) to estimate the Einstein radius in the same manner as MM-J1541. Note that a rest-frame -band extinction of 0.2 mag is used to correct the Galactic reddening. We find at , which is inconsistent with our SMA image showing the smaller separation () and no counter-images split by a gravitational lens. This suggest the lens redshift of . Actually, if the lensing galaxy is at , we have the absolute magnitude in rest-frame -band of and –170 km s from the FJR. This yields the Einstein radius of , consistent with the observed situation.

Unfortunately, we cannot exactly predict the magnification factor of MM-J1545; the SMA 890- image exhibits neither multiple counter-images nor a large arc/ring, and the spatial extent of the source is unknown. Furthermore, the accurate redshifts of the lens and source are not available. All of the facts prevent us from precisely constructing a lens model. However, given that no lensed source with a magnification of showing a single image with a -beam has been reported thus far (e.g., Bussmann et al., 2013), it should be reasonable to assume as an upper limit for the magnification factor of MM-J1545. In this case, the intrinsic FIR luminosity is still very high (), even after correcting for magnification. Such a starburst galaxy in the hyperluminous regime at –5 is still rare compared to existing studies (e.g. Riechers et al., 2010; Walter et al., 2012; Combes et al., 2012; Vieira et al., 2013; Weiß et al., 2013) and is a unique laboratory to investigate properties of star-formation in the early Universe.

### 4.2. The 1.1-mm Number Counts at the Brightest End

The detections of ultra-bright sources allow us to constrain the brightest end of the 1.1 mm number counts, which is complementary to the deep number counts at –20 mJy obtained from our own 1.1-mm surveys of SMGs (Hatsukade et al., 2011; Scott et al., 2012). The area where the sensitivities of the Lupus-I AzTEC map are below 7 mJy beam (typically 5 mJy beam) is 3.65 deg. We eliminate the high column region where  mag on the 2MASS extinction map (Dobashi, 2011), which leaves 2.88 deg. We detect three point sources over the 2.88 deg area (Tsukagoshi et al., in preparation). We carefully cross-identify known starless and protostellar cores (Rygl et al., 2013), which leaves only two extragalactic sources, MM-J1545 and MM-J1541. The inferred cumulative number counts  mJy) for Lupus-I are  deg (the error is taken from the confidence interval computed by Gehrels, 1986).

Furthermore, two additional bright sources ( mJy and mJy, Ikarashi et al., 2011; Takekoshi et al., 2013) have been found to date over the AzTEC survey fields (1.60 deg, Scott et al., 2012) and the SMC peripheral field (1.21 deg, Takekoshi et al., 2013), respectively. Both of them are also indicative of strongly-lensed magnification. Taking into account all of these four brightest extragalactic sources with  mJy, we estimate the cumulative number counts at , 32.5, 40 mJy are , , and deg, respectively, where the errors are again taken from Gehrels (1986).

Figure 8 shows the 1.1-mm cumulative number counts of the brightest AzTEC sources, as well as the deeper 1.1-mm number counts obtained from blank fields toward the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) North and South fields, the Lockman Hole, the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS), the Subaru/XMM–Newton Deep Field, the Akari Deep Field-South (Scott et al., 2012) and from the AzTEC Cluster Environmental Survey (ACES) (Wilson et al., 2008b; Scott et al., 2012). These counts intersect at mJy, but the slope at  mJy is shallower than the deeper part of the source counts. We also plot the 1.4-mm counts obtained by the South Pole Telescope (SPT) survey (Vieira et al., 2010; Mocanu et al., 2013) scaled to equivalent 1.1-mm flux densities using a scaling factor of (Scott et al., 2012). The SPT counts do not include any nearby galaxies discovered by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) and those with synchrotron-dominated SEDs. Alternatively, these are thought to be dominated by strongly-lensed SMGs. The amplitude and slope at the brightest end of the 1.1-mm counts are consistent with those of the SPT counts given the uncertainty in the scaling factor. Furthermore, a model prediction by Béthermin et al. (2012), where flux magnification due to strong gravitational lensing is accounted for, reproduces the 1.1-mm counts at  mJy, providing more supporting evidence that the brightest sources found at 1.1 mm are mostly attributed to the strong-lensing effect.

### 4.3. The AzTEC–SPIRE Colors

It is increasingly becoming clear that mm to long-submm observations are more likely to select higher redshift SMGs than FIR and short-submm as predicted earlier (Blain & Longair, 1993), and recent studies of ultra-bright sources selected in the mm to long submm actually reveal a lot of SMGs at redshift out to (Vieira et al., 2013; Weiß et al., 2013; Boone et al., 2013). It has been also suggested that selecting red objects in SPIRE bands whose SEDs are peaked at the 500- band (i.e., objects that follows ; so-called 500- peakers) is also a useful way to pick up high- candidates even at (Riechers et al., 2013; Dowell et al., 2014). MM-J1545 is estimated to be at –5 and is formally consistent with a 500- peaker, implying that 1.1-mm selection and (sub)mm color investigation are quite useful for isolating SMGs.

In the left side of Figure 9, we plot the and flux density ratios of MM-J1545 and MM-J1541. For comparison, we also show the same color–color plots of 48 AzTEC-selected sources with S/N from the AzTEC/ASTE GOODS-South survey (Scott et al., 2010; Downes et al., 2012), twelve of which have robust counterparts with spectroscopic redshifts ranging from to 4.76 (Yun et al., 2012). The Herschel data are retrieved from the HSA and the noise levels are –0.6 mJy beam in all the SPIRE bands. The detection thresholds are set to = 7.6, 9.2, 10.4 mJy beam at 250, 350, and 500 , respectively, where is an underlying confusion limit after removing bright SPIRE sources (Nguyen et al., 2010). Forty AzTEC sources are detected at 500 while 8 AzTEC sources do not have a significant counterpart in any of the SPIRE bands. The redshift tracks of a modified black-body with  K and typical starburst galaxies are also overlaid. MM-J1545 is situated in a region of the plot where –5 galaxies are actually observed or are expected from redshift tracks of SED models. Similarly, the 1.1-mm to 350- color of MM-J1541 is consistent with those found in galaxies.

In the right panel of Figure 9, we show the and plots for MM-J1545 and MM-J1541, as well as the 40 AzTEC-selected sources in GOODS-South which are detected at 500 . Despite large uncertainties in flux density ratios, at least 16 of the GOODS-South sources (40%) are consistent with 500- peakers that are detected at least at both 350 and 500 , and up to 21 sources (53%) may be 500- peakers if we include sources only detected at 500 . At least 3 sources meet the criterion, , which is used to select candidates by Riechers et al. (2013). The FIR-to-mm color of MM-J1545 is overall consistent with those of the 500- peakers but slightly bluer than the criterion, while the color of MM-J1541 is in good agreement with those of sources, supporting the redshift estimates discussed in § 3.2.

As demonstrated by these color–color plots, 1.1-mm selected sources that are very red in the (sub)mm will offer a unique opportunity to investigate how frequently massive starbursts are triggered in the universe, which places constraints on galaxy formation models for massive dusty starbursts. Future follow-up studies using the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) are needed to investigate this further.

### 4.4. Is MM-J1545 a First Hydrostatic Core?

How to securely distinguish between SMGs and prestellar cores is always an issue in identifying SMGs behind Galactic molecular clouds, because flux densities and FIR-to-submm colors of the brightest SMGs looks similar to those found in the low-luminosity end of prestellar cores. While MM-J1541 is well isolated from the Lupus-I molecular cloud () and thus likely an extragalactic source, MM-J1545 is closer to the molecular cloud (, see also Figure 1) and is worthy of assessing the possibility that MM-J1545 is a Galactic source. We hereafter assume a distance to the Lupus-I cloud of  pc (Comerón, 2008), where a size corresponds to the physical scale of  pc or 150 AU.

The concordance scenario of low-mass star formation (Shu et al., 1987, for a review) begins with a collapse of a sub-pc-sized gravitationally-bound molecular core, a so-called prestellar core444A compact dense molecular cloud core which lacks a central (proto)star, whether it is gravitationally bound or unbound, is referred to as a starless core. Thereafter we use the term, prestellar core, to distinguish the advanced protostellar objects, and for simplicity we neglect whether it is bound or not. . Prestellar cores are initially optically-thin to the thermal dust emission and isothermally collapses, and thus it is represented as a cold ( K, e.g., Marsh et al., 2014) and moderately dense ((H)  cm) isothermal system. Most of them are found in regions where high H column densities of  cm are observed (e.g. Rygl et al., 2013). The prestellar phase is followed by protostellar phases (a.k.a., Classes 0, I, II, and III, Shu et al., 1987; Andre et al., 1993), in which mid-IR and/or NIR emission powered by a central protostar is always visible. A hypothetical small adiabatic region that is extremely-dense (–10 cm) and compact (–10 AU), a so-called first hydrostatic core (Larson, 1969), may occur at the center of a prestellar core in its final stage just before protostar formation, although the first core is expected to be short-lived ( yr; e.g., Saigo & Tomisaka, 2011; Tomida et al., 2013) and the observational nature is still controversial (e.g., Enoch et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2010; Pineda et al., 2011).

MM-J1545 is a very unusual source if this would be associated with the Lupus-I cloud. The stark constraint on 24- flux density ( mJy), the absence of a bright compact NIR source at the position of the SMA source or extended reflection nebulosity (as seen in edge-on Herbig-Halo objects like HH30), the low (effective) dust temperature of  K (§ 3.1.1), and the non-detection of CO outflows virtually rule out the protostellar Class-0 and advanced phases, suggesting that MM-J1545 might be in the prestellar phase and thus the mass should be dominated by dense molecular gas. CO = 1–0 and 2–1 emission lines toward this source (i.e., ) were, however, not detected with the SMA and the NRO 45 m telescope (Figure 6), which places a constraint on molecular gas mass of (§ 3.1.1). In contrast, the 1.1 mm flux density of 44 mJy yields if this is a starless core [ K, g cm (Hildebrand, 1983) with , and the dust-to-gas mass ratio of 100 are assumed]. This discrepancy between gas and dust masses indicates that MM-J1545 is not a prestellar core.

Furthermore, the SMA continuum observations at 890  and 1.3 mm revealed a very compact source, compared to usual prestellar cores (§ 3.1). As shown in Figure 3, its visibility distribution does not show any evidence for an extended structure like a dense gas envelope, which is at least 0.01 pc and typically  pc in size, corresponding to an angular size of (e.g. Onishi et al., 2002). In Figure 3, we show Fourier transform of 890- brightness distribution predicted for a critical Bonnor–Ebert sphere (Ebert, 1955; Bonnor, 1956) as a realization of a starless core in the Lupus-I cloud. The gas temperature and central H density is assumed to be 7.1 K and  cm, respectively. The total gas mass of is chosen so that the total 890- flux density matches the observed one. The overall visibility slope and amplitude at higher spatial frequencies are, however, largely deviated from the prediction of the Bonnor–Ebert model.

A possible Galactic interpretation of MM-J1545 might be a first hydrostatic core (Larson, 1969; Masunaga et al., 1998; Masunaga & Inutsuka, 2000) in its very early phase, because its compact nature and the very cold ( K) and low-luminosity () SED are consistent with those expected in a mostly-naked first core (Tomida et al., 2010). In this case, CO emission line is optically thick and the non-detection of CO is explained if a significant fraction of gas mass, which is inferred from the dust SED (), might be stored behind the CO photosphere. In Figure 3, we show the Fourier components of a 890- brightness distribution predicted for a first hydrostatic core, which is computed by radiation hydrodynamic simulations (Tomida et al., 2010; Saigo & Tomisaka, 2011). The first hydrostatic core is produced by gravitational collapse of a Bonnor–Ebert sphere, and the mass and inclination angle are chosen so that the overall visibility amplitudes match the observed data. Consequently, the unresolved cusp-like structure appeared at  k and the extended envelope predicted from the first core model are consistent with the actual SMA visibility amplitudes.

Note that the adjacent compact NIR source, J1545B, and the observed JVLA 6 cm flux density at the SMA position cannot be explained consistently with the other data even in the first hydrostatic core models. We also note that first hydrostatic cores should be extremely rare because of the short lifetime; only one first core out of 100–1000 dense starless cores is expected, if comparing the lifetime with the dynamical time scale of starless cores (0.1–1 Myr). We therefore conclude that the –5 lensed SMG is the most likely and naturally explained by the SED and geometry/spatial extent of the multi-wavelength counterpart to MM-J1545.

## 5. Conclusions

We report serendipitous detections of two 1.1-mm bright extragalactic sources, MM J154506.4344318 (MM-J1545) and MM J154132.7350320 (MM-J1541), in the AzTEC/ASTE survey of the Lupus-I star-forming region. These sources are likely located at cosmological distances at –5 (MM-J1545) and (MM-J1541). The main results are as follows:

1. MM-J1545 is the brightest ( mJy) of SMGs identified through the whole AzTEC 1.1-mm galaxy surveys. SMA (890  and 1.3 mm) interferometry confirms the exact position, and photometry from VLA, ATCA, NMA, and Herschel, in addition to AzTEC/ASTE and SMA, constrains the SED well, which is in good agreement with a single gray-body with  K and (§ 3.1.1). The SED fits to the photometry at indicate a redshift of –5.6 (a combination of 68% confidence intervals of SED fits using the Arp 220, average SMG, and SMM J2135 templates) (§ 3.2). This is also supported by the (sub)mm color analysis, in which we show that MM-J1545 is situated in a region where –5 dusty galaxies are expected on the diagram (§ 4.3). A faint NIR object, J1545B, is identified east of the SMA 890- peak, which is likely a foreground lensing object that amplifies MM-J1545. Although it is difficult to constrain the SED of J1545B, the Einstein radius would be if the lens redshift is . Even if this is the case and the magnification factor might be as high as 10, the demagnified FIR luminosity is still extreme (), suggesting that MM-J1545 is intrinsically a hyper-luminous galaxy at –5 (§ 4.1).

2. MM-J1541 is identified as the fourth brightest 1.1-mm source ( mJy) of the whole AzTEC surveys. This object is also seen in the SPIRE 250–500  and MIPS 24  bands (§ 3.1.2). The inferred photometric redshift ranges –4.1 (a combination of 68% confidence intervals of SED fits using the Arp 220, M 82, average SMG, and SMM J2135 templates) (§ 3.2). Again, this is also supported by the AzTEC–SPIRE color analysis (§ 4.3). An optical/NIR image (J1541B) is clearly offset from the 24- centroid by , and the SED of J1541B is consistent with a bright galaxy at , suggesting that J1541B gravitationally magnifies the background SMG, MM-J1541. Gravitational lens modeling using the Faber-Jackson relation and a singular isothermal sphere shows the magnification factor of MM-J1541 is moderate (), suggesting that MM-J1541 might be an intrinsically hyper-luminous star-forming galaxy with –13.9 (§ 4.1).

3. The brightest-end ( mJy) of the 1.1-mm cumulative number counts is constrained by MM-J1545 and MM-J1541, in addition to another two sources from the literature;  deg,  deg, and  deg. The slope at  mJy is shallower than the deeper part of the source counts obtained from general deep fields such as GOODS and COSMOS. The amplitude and slope at the brightest-end is consistent not only with that properly scaled from the 1.4-mm counts obtained by the South Pole Telescope survey, which are thought to be dominated by strongly-lensed SMGs, but also with a model prediction where flux magnification due to strong gravitational lensing is accounted for. This suggests that a substantial fraction of  mJy sources may be gravitationally amplified.

4. The overall SED from the optical to the radio and the spatial structure of MM-J1545 are explained neither by a local prestellar core nor a protostellar object, although it is found toward a relatively high H column region of the local molecular cloud. A possible explanation for a Galactic object might be a first hydrostatic core with no envelope structure. Even in this case, however, neither the 6-cm continuum emission nor the NIR compact object, J1545B, away from MM-J1545 can be explained by any models for a first hydrostatic core. On the other hand, a –5 SMG strongly lensed by J1545B naturally accounts for all of the observed properties. Hence we conclude that MM-J1545 is not a first hydrostatic core but a galaxy at a cosmological distance.

Unexpectedly, an extremely-bright SMG at and a Galactic low-mass dense starless core (e.g., an exposed first hydrostatic core) could be similar in the mid-infrared to millimeter spectral energy distributions and spatial structures at least at . This indicates that it is necessary to distinguish the two possibilities by means of broad band photometry from the optical to centimeter, when a compact object is identified toward Galactic star-forming regions. (Sub)millimeter spectroscopy and/or sub-arcsec imaging of the object will help to determine the redshift and the presence of gravitational magnification, which will be able to carried out using ALMA.

We are grateful to the ASTE team for making the observations possible. We thank M. Béthermin and I. Shimizu for making the model number counts available. The study is partially supported by KAKENHI (No. 25103503). YS and KT are supported by JSPS Research Fellowship for Young Scientists (No. 09J05537 and 09J00159, respectively). This work is based on observations and archival data made with the following telescopes and facilities: The ASTE telescope is operated by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. The Australia Telescope Compact Array is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility which is funded by the Commonwealth of Australia for operation as a National Facility managed by CSIRO. Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA. NRAO is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. The 45-m radio telescope and the Nobeyama Millimeter Array are operated by Nobeyama Radio Observatory, a branch of National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. The Submillimeter Array is a joint project between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. The Spitzer Space Telescope is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. Subaru Telescope is operated by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. The United Kingdom Infrared Telescope is operated by the Joint Astronomy Centre on behalf of the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the U.K. This publication makes use of data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation. Facilities: ASTE (AzTEC), ATCA, Herschel (SPIRE), VLA, NMA, Nobeyama 45 m (T100, BEARS), SMA, Spitzer (IRAC, MIPS), Subaru (MOIRCS), UKIRT (WFCAM), WISE.

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