A Absence of Time Variation of Equilibrium Number Density

Effect of spin diffusion on current generated by spin motive force

Abstract

Spin motive force is a spin-dependent force on conduction electrons induced by magnetization dynamics. In order to examine its effects on magnetization dynamics, it is indispensable to take into account spin accumulation, spin diffusion, and spin-flip scattering since the spin motive force is in general nonuniform. We examine the effects of all these on the way the spin motive force generates the charge and spin currents in conventional situations, where the conduction electron spin relaxation dynamics is much faster than the magnetization dynamics. When the spin-dependent electric field is spatially localized, which is common in experimental situations, we find that the conservative part of the spin motive force is unable to generate the charge current due to the cancelation effect by the diffusion current. We also find that the spin current is a nonlocal function of the spin motive force and can be effectively expressed in terms of nonlocal Gilbert damping tensor. It turns out that any spin independent potential such as Coulomb potential does not affect our principal results. At the last part of this paper, we apply our theory to current-induced domain wall motion.

I Introduction

In a ferromagnetic system, dynamics of space-time dependent magnetization vector is described by the following phenomenological equation (1); (2); (3); (4)

 ∂M∂t = −γM×Heff+αMsM×∂M∂t (1) +μBeMs(js⋅∇)M−βμBeM2sM×(js⋅∇)M.

This is the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation generalized to include the spin-transfer torque terms (last two terms). Here, is the functional derivative of energy with respect to , is Gilbert damping constant, is saturation magnetization, is Bohr magneton, is electron charge, is nonadiabaticity, and is spin polarized electric current given by difference between current by spin-up and spin-down electrons. LLG equation describes the dynamics of magnetization under applied electromagnetic fields. On the other hand, there exists a reciprocal process; temporal and spatial variation of magnetization induces additional electromagnetic fields on conduction electrons. These fields are spin-dependent and in general nonconservative. Thus the resulting spin-dependent motive force is called spin motive force (SMF). SMF is firstly predicted by Berger (5) and recently formulated by generalizing Faraday’s law (6). It is also suggested (7) that SMF is also described by spin pumping effect (8). Recently, SMF and its effect is intensively studied (11); (19); (20); (7); (13); (14); (15); (10); (12); (18); (17); (16); (9) in this field.

Without any other perturbation, the explicit expressions of the induced spin electromagnetic fields are known as (11); (12); (10); (7); (19); (21); (20)

 E↑↓i = ±ℏ2eM3s(∂tM×∂iM)⋅M, (2) B↑↓i = ∓ℏ2eM3sϵijk(∂jM×∂kM)⋅M, (3)

where and stand for spin-up and down electrons. The fields generate spin-dependent Lorentz force . While the term “motive force” refers to quantities of voltage dimension, the term SMF is sometimes used to denote . In this paper, we adopt the latter terminology. It is easily noticed that SMF is spin dependent, nonconservative, spatially varying, and localized in general situations. As one can see from Eqs. (2) and (3), SMF is usually too small to be measured directly. Another way is to study the effect of SMF on magnetization dynamics. Since SMF induces additional spin current, additional spin-transfer torque arises and it changes LLG equation. Consequently, LLG equation (without applied spin current) is modified as (7)

 ∂M∂t=−γM×Heff+1MsM×(D⋅∂M∂t), (4)

where is modified damping tensor given by

 Dij=αδij+ηM4s∑k(M×∂kM)i(M×∂kM)j, (5)

and . Here, is electrical conductivity.

However, the previous work has a crucial limitation that spin density has been considered to be constant while spin density in reality is nonuniform since SMF is spatially varying. The main consequence of the nonuniform spin density is diffusion current proportional to , which suppresses the effect of SMF. Therefore, a realistic model should take into account spin accumulation (nonuniform spin density), diffusion and spin-flip scattering. The purpose of this paper is to find the spin density , diffusion current, total current induced by SMF, and their effect on magnetization dynamics in the presence of spin accumulation, diffusion, and spin-flip scattering. As one shall see in Sec. III, the solution of in the most general situation is too complicated to study the effect on magnetization dynamics. To obtain simple analytic expressions, we take an approximation that spin-flip time is much shorter than the time scale of magnetization dynamics. As a final comment, our result does not assume any specific form of SMF. Thus, it remains valid for the modified SMF due to, for instance, nonadiabaticity (10), spin-orbit coupling (20), and other kinds of spin dependent electric field (22).

Several previous works are closely related to our work. Spin drift-diffusion equation, which has similar form to our theory is suggested in Ref. (10). And, the effect on spin and charge current is investigated from Boltzmann equation in Ref. (19). We set our starting point as the equation of motion of conduction electrons in Ref. (1) to make our analysis consistent with previous theories in this field. Different from the previous theories focusing on 1D, we successfully generalized our result to 3D, and found that nonconservative part of SMF plays a crucial role in current in a higher dimensional system. In Sec. III, we compare our result with the previous theory qualitatively and quantitatively. In addition, we investigated the effect of charge neutrality on our results. It turns out that charge neutrality potential does not change our principal results, charge current and spin current, even though it changes charge density and spin density. Furthermore, we show that any spin independent potential cannot alter our principal results, either.

This paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II, we construct the spin drift-diffusion equation and introduce variables. Then, we solve the equation in Sec. III, and discuss various implications. In Sec. IV, we apply our result to current-induced domain wall (DW) motion and briefly discuss the effect of spin diffusion. In Sec. V, we generalize our theory for general boundary condition and for general spin indendendent potentials. Finally, in Sec. VI, there are concluding remarks. Technical details are in Appendices.

Ii Model

ii.1 Spin drift-diffusion equation

To construct the equation of , we take the starting point as the equation of spin density of conduction electrons (1),

 ∂m∂t+∇⋅J=−1τexMsm×M−⟨Γ⟩. (6)

Here, is spin current tensor, , and denotes the magnitude of spin of local magnetization. The left-hand side is based on the continuity equation. The first term on the right-hand side is the precession term due to the exchange coupling between conduction electrons and magnetization. includes the effect of spin scattering processes. Here, the second rank tensor is defined by

 J=−μBejs⊗m|m|. (7)

The effect of the perpendicular component to of Eq. (6) is already investigated by Zhang and Li (1), and they found the nonadiabatic term of LLG equation. In the absence of spin accumulation, the magnitude of is constant, so it suffices to solve only the perpendicular component of the equation. However, in the presence of the spin accumulation, the magnitude variation of should be also studied. We define spin number density . Taking care of the fact that has space-time dependence, the parallel component of Eq. (6) to results in

 ∂ns∂t+1μB^m⋅⟨Γ⟩=1e∇⋅js. (8)

It is convenient to separate the variables to that of up and down electrons. and . Here, and denote spin number density of spin-up/down electrons and charge current density generated by spin-up/down electrons, respectively. Equation (8) is nothing but the continuity equation containing spin nonconserving processes described by . To obtain independent equations of spin-up/down electrons, we use the following continuity equation of total electron number density

 ∂ne∂t=1e∇⋅je, (9)

where is electron number density and is charge current density. Combining Eqs. (8) and (9), one obtains

 ∂n↑↓∂t±12μB^m⋅⟨Γ⟩=1e∇⋅j↑↓. (10)

Note that represents spin-flip scattering processes. As a simple model, we take the well-known form of spin-flip scattering,

 12μB^m⋅⟨Γ⟩=n↑τ↑−n↓τ↓, (11)

where is characteristic time of the spin-flip scattering process from spin-up to -down state, and is similarly defined. Then,

 ∂n↑↓∂t+n↑↓τ↑↓−n↓↑τ↓↑=1e∇⋅j↑↓, (12)

which is the spin drift-diffusion equation. Similar form of Eq. (12) was also suggested in Ref. (10).

For simplicity, we may assume without losing generality that the SMF is turned on at and that, for , the system is in equilibrium. We set , where is equilibrium electron density of spin up and down at . By definition, the equilibrium density is the equilibrium solution of Eq. (12) for . Inserting to Eq. (12), one obtains an important constraint . With the help of this constraint, four variables , , and can be described by three variables, , , and (). Then, Eq. (12) is rewritten with only one spin-flip time . In addition, current can be written as , where and are respectively the conductivity and SMF (divided by ) for spin-up/down electrons. Then, one straightforwardly obtains the final form of the equation of our model.

 ∂n↑↓∂t−D↑↓∇2n↑↓+n↑0n↓0n↑0+n↓01τsf⎛⎝n↑↓n↑↓0−n↓↑n↓↑0⎞⎠ =σ↑↓e∇⋅E↑↓s. (13)

As mentioned in Sec. I, we treat as nonconservative, spatially varying fields. In addition, it is assumed that spin dependence of is given by . Slight generalization of our theory at the final step allows to investigate the formula for . No other restriction of is not assumed in order to obtain maximally generalized result.

As suggested in Ref. (10), in realistic systems, the Coulomb interaction should be taken into account. Hence, one introduces Coulomb potential and add it to the spin motive force as . The Coulomb interaction strongly suppresses the charge accumulation. Mathematically the interaction may thus be handled by imposing the charge neutrality constraint. We show in Sec. V that charge neutrality constraint changes electron densities, but not currents. Hence, the LLG equation is hardly affected by charge neutrality potential. For this reason, we do not take into account the Coulomb interaction until Sec. V in order to show simple logical flow.

Note that all variables in Eq. (13) are not independent. Einstein’s relation is given by where is density of states of spin-up/down electrons at Fermi energy. Since , one obtains . This is one of the key constraints of our model.

The solution of Eq. (13) is very complicated as one shall see in Sec. III. To gain an insight, it is illustrative to assume that is much smaller than the time scale of magnetization dynamics so is almost constant in time scale within . We found that, in this limit, the solution is much simpler and it is easier to catch physical meanings.

ii.2 Variable definitions and relations

In Sec. III, there appear several variables and quantities which have not been defined yet. To help readers, we present definitions of them here, rather than Sec. III.

Since Eq. (13) is coupled, it is convenient to solve it in matrix form. Hence, we define spin accumulation vector, which is a column vector defined by

 N=(n↑n↓). (14)

Similarly, we define current density and SMF vector.

 J = (j↑j↓), (15) E = (E↑sE↓s)=Es(1−1). (16)

Equations (14)-(16) are related by the following relation.

 J=(σ↑00σ↓)E+e(D↑00D↓)∇N. (17)

The first term in right-hand side corresponds to conventional electrical current and the second term corresponds to diffusion current.

Instead of diffusion constants, it is more physical and intuitive to express results in terms of spin-flip length which is defined by . The averaged spin diffusion length is also defined by the conventional way

 λ−2sf=n↑0λ↑2sf+n↓0λ↓2sf(n↑0+n↓0)λ↑2sfλ↓2sf. (18)

By Einstein’s relation, Eq. (18) is equivalent to

 λ2sf=σ↑λ↓2sf+σ↓λ↑2sfσ↑+σ↓. (19)

Combining Eqs. (18) and (19), is represented in terms of .

 λ↑↓2sf=λ2sfσσ↓↑n↓↑0n↑0+n↓0, (20)

where is total electrical conductivity.

Conductivity polarization and density polarization are defined by

 P = σ↑−σ↓σ, (21) Pn = n↑0−n↓0n↑0+n↓0. (22)

With these polarizations, and are represented in terms of and as and .

Lastly, we use a mathematical convention that is the Fourier transform of a position dependent function with respect to . That is,

 ~A(k)≡F[A(x)](k)=1(2π)d/2∫A(x)e−ik⋅xddx, (23)

for a -dimensional system.

Iii Charge and spin currents in the presence of spin diffusion

iii.1 Solution of the spin drift-diffusion equation for localized electric field

Before solving Eq. (13) for general cases, we first solve the equation for localized since is localized in most cases. In Sec. V, we generalize our theory to include spatially extended .

Since is localized, it is possible to take Fourier transform with respect to position. Then, and are well-defined localized functions of except initial condition part. In addition, localized implies that the boundary condition is given by because does not affect spin density. After Fourier transform, Eq. (13) is written as, in matrix form,

 ∂~N∂t+Ωτsf~N=1e(σ↑00σ↓)ik⋅~E, (24)

where

 Ω=⎛⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎝λ↑2sfk2+n↓0n↑0+n↓0−n↑0n↑0+n↓0−n↓0n↑0+n↓0λ↓2sfk2+n↑0n↑0+n↓0⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎠. (25)

Equation (24) is a first order ordinary differential equation with respect to and the initial condition is given by . The solution is simply given by

 ~N(k,t) = e−Ωt/τsf~N(k,0) (26) Unknown environment '%

Since the first term of Eq. (26) represents the time variation of equilibrium number density, one can realize that the term should be given by . Mathematical derivation of this argument is given in Appendix A. The second term of Eq. (26) is almost impossible to take inverse Fourier transform. Hence, as mentioned, we use an approximation that is very small. In this limit, Appendix B shows that

 e−Ωt/τsfΘ(t)≈τsfΩ−1δ(t), (27)

where is Heaviside step function. By this approximation, solution of the spin drift-diffusion equation Eq. (26) becomes

 ~N(k,t)=~N(k,0)+τsfeΩ−1(σ↑00σ↓)ik⋅~E(k,t). (28)

The inverse of is explicitly given by

 Ω−1 = 1detΩ⎛⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎝λ↓2sfk2+n↑0n↑0+n↓0n↑0n↑0+n↓0n↓0n↑0+n↓0λ↑2sfk2+n↓0n↑0+n↓0⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎠, (29) detΩ = λ↑2sfλ↓2sfk2(k2+λ−2sf). (30)

Now, excited charge density and excited spin density are given by,

 Δ~ne(k,t) = (11)~N(k,t)−(2π)d/2δ(k)(n↑0+n↓0) (31) = Extra open brace or missing close brace Δ~ns(k,t) = (1−1)~N(k,t)−(2π)d/2δ(k)(n↑0−n↓0) (32) = Extra open brace or missing close brace

in -space.

At this stage, there is no need to show complicated real space expressions of the densities, because what affects LLG equation mainly is spin current. In the next subsection, we find the expressions of charge and spin currents in bith -space and real space.

iii.2 Charge and spin currents

Charge and spin currents in the absence of spin diffusion are given by

 je = σ↑E↑s+σ↓E↑s=PσEs, (33) js = σ↑E↑s−σ↓E↑s=σEs. (34)

In this subsection, how the spin current and charge current generated by SMF is changed by spin diffusion from Eqs. (33) and (34) is examined with the help of Eqs. (17) and (28). After some algebra,

 ~J = (σ↑00σ↓)~E+e(D↑00D↓)ik~N (35) = ~Es(σ↑−σ↓) +ik(ik⋅~Es)k2(k2+λ−2sf)(σ↑k2+Pσ↑λ−2sf−σ↓k2+Pσ↓λ−2sf).

Now, the expressions of charge current and spin current are straightforward.

 ~je = Pσ[~Es+ik(ik⋅~Es)k2], (36) ~js = P~je+(1−P2)σ⎛⎝~Es+ik(ik⋅~Es)k2+λ−2sf⎞⎠. (37)

We present in terms of in order for one to see easily for ; for perfectly polarized electrons without spin-flip, the spin current should be the same amount of the charge current.

Equations (36) and (37) are the principal results of this paper. One can obtain -dimensional real space expressions by taking inverse Fourier transform. This is one of the key advantages of our theory. Our result is easily generalizable to -dimensional result. As one shall see, it turns out that the nonconservative part of plays a crucial role in a higher dimensional system.

First of all, we present 1D result. 1D real space expression of Eqs. (36) and (37) are

 je(x,t) = 0, (38) js(x,t) = (1−P2)∫dx′e−|x−x′|/λsf2λsfσEs(x′,t). (39)

One can notice that the 1D charge current is perfectly canceled by diffusion current for small spin-flip time limit. This is natural in the sense that, for small spin-flip time, the system tends to be in equilibrium at each time . At equilibrium, the gradient of chemical potential vanishes, so does charge current. However, spin current does not vanish by this reason because of spin nonconserving process. Due to spin diffusion, it is natural that the spin current becomes nonlocal with integration kernel width . Here, the factor seems unexpected. This factor comes from spin diffusion effect, and should exist regardless of diffusion length scale. It yields more cancelation for more polarized electrons. Eventually, for , spin current also vanishes, which is actually required since in the limit .

Equation (39) behaves quite differently for two limiting cases. Let be the characteristic length scale (such as DW width) of localized . If , . Then,

 js(x,t)≈(1−P2)σEs(x,t), (40)

which is local. Very short diffusion length cannot make the spin current nonlocal. It is very interesting that factor does not disappear even though diffusion effect is very small. The existence of diffusion makes factor regardless of how the effect is strong or weak. For ,

 js(x,t)≈σ¯¯¯¯Es(1−P2)λ2λsfe−|x−X(t)|/λsf, (41)

where is averaged SMF and is the position of localized (such as DW position). One can see that the current is highly suppressed by the factor . In this highly diffusive regime, spin current is also highly suppressed.

The main features of our result is similar to those of Ref. (19), except for vanishing charge current. They claim that charge current can exist in general, while we find that Einstein’s relation prevents the existence of charge current in 1D.

We confirmed our analytic result by comparing it with micromagnetic simulation for a 1D DW oscillator. The result is in Fig. 1. General features are the same as analytic result ; i) charge and spin currents are highly suppressed by spin diffusion, ii) spin current becomes nonlocal, iii) charge current almost vanish independently of diffusion length, and iv) spin current is more suppressed by larger diffusion length.

Now, we generalize the results to higher dimension. In 2D and 3D real spaces, Eqs. (36) and (37) are converted to

 j2De = PσEs−Pσ2π∇∫d2x′ln|x−x′|λsf∇′⋅Es, (42a) j3De = PσEs+Pσ4π∇∫d3x′∇′⋅Es|x−x′|, (42b)

and

 j2Ds = Pj2De+(1−P2)σEs (43a) Missing or unrecognized delimiter for \left j3Ds = Pj3De+(1−P2)σEs (43b) +(1−P2)σ4π∇∫d3x′e−|x−x′|/λsf|x−x′|∇′⋅Es,

respectively. Here, is the zeroth order modified Bessel function of the second kind. One can be uncomfortable because seems dependent on while Eq. (36) is not. Here is included because the argument of logarithmic function should be dimensionless. In fact, one can easily check that does not depend on by using (constant) for any positive .

From now on, we present only 3D expressions but omit 2D, for simplicity. One can easily obtain 2D expressions by replacing the integral kernels and . The reason why the expressions depend on dimension is nothing but the fact that the inverse Fourier transforms, which give integration kernels, depend on dimension. Hence, essential physics are the same for 2D and 3D except the mathematical expressions of the integration kernels.

Overall features of the spin current in higher dimension is similar to 1D, except for the existence of nonvanishing term. However, the main feature of is completely different from 1D case. First of all, does not vanish. We argued qualitatively why the charge current vanishes in a 1D system by using chemical potential argument. However, in a higher dimensional system, chemical potential cannot be defined in general since is nonconservative. Note that diffusion current is conservative. Note also that nonconservative field cannot be canceled by conservative field. This is why the charge current exists in a higher dimensional system. The nonlocal term in Eq. (42) can be interpreted as Coulomb potential under charge density . The canceled part of the charge current is nothing but conservative Coulomb part of . Secondly, it is very interesting that Eq. (42) is converted after some algebra to

 je=Pσ4π∫d3x′∇′×(∇′×Es)|x−x′|. (44)

Now one can notice the importance of nonconservative part of (nonvanishing ) and the dependence of this on the charge current. If happens to be zero, the charge current also vanishes, and this is consistent to the chemical potential argument. Lastly, it is also interesting that charge current does not depend on diffusion length. This is qualitatively understandable from the fact that the effect of is maximally canceled by diffusion current in small spin-flip time regime, regardless of spin diffusion length. Here, maximal cancelation is slightly different from perfect cancelation in 1D case in the sense that the (conservative) diffusion current cannot cancel perfectly in principle.

It might be ambiguous what the “conservative part” of a vector field is mathematically. Helmholtz’s theorem guarantees that a spatially localized vector field can be uniquely decomposed into conservative (curl-free) part and solenoidal (divergence-free) part. Note that the second term in Eq. (42) is exactly the same as the formula of (negative of) conservative part of the Helmholtz decomposition. Note also that the resulting total current [Eq. (44)] is divergence-free. Therefore, the charge diffusion current and total charge current are respectively given by conservative part and solenoidal part of Helmholtz decomposition. One shall see in Sec. V that this claim is generally valid for arbitrary boundary conditions.

To understand the maximal cancelation of the charge current qualitatively, it would be very helpful to visualize the Helmholtz decomposition of the charge current. We performed a micromagnetic simulation for vortex resonant oscillation in 2D thin film. When the vortex DW wall [Fig. 2(a)] moves along the blue arrow, SMF is generated as shown in Fig. 2(b). The spatial dependence of SMF induces charge accumulation as shown in Fig. 2(c). Due to the charge accumulation, charge diffusion current is generated as shown in Fig. 2(e). Figure 2(e) can be qualitatively understood by Fig. 2(d). Recall that the diffusion current is given by Coulomb field generated by charge density . Thus, dipole-like nature of the charge density [Fig. 2(d)] implies dipole-like field [Fig. 2(e)]. Summing up Figs. 2(b) and 2(e), one obtains total current as Fig. 2(f). Note that the total current is definitely nonconservative (has finite curl). It is interesting that Fig. 2(f) is similar to magnetic field generated by two separate conducting wires. This infers the solenoidal nature of the total charge current. It is very interesting that total charge current behaves as magnetic field rather than electric field.

iii.3 Magnetization dynamics and nonlocal damping tensor

It is also important to see how the magnetization dynamics is changed by our result. By analogue of Ref. (1), it is obvious that the modified LLG equation is described by Eq. (1), in which Eq. (43) are added to terms, rather than Eq. (34). However, there exist two nontrivial features in the modified LLG equation.

The first one is spatial dependence of and . It is important to notice that and in Eq. (1) are renormalized parameters (1),

 γ = γ0(1+nsμBMs11+β2)−1, (45) α = γ0γ(α0+βnsμBMs11+β2), (46)

where and are original parameters of the system. There has not been any problem of this renormalization without spin accumulation, but is no longer constant in the presence of spin accumulation. Hence, and cannot be a simple constant in principle. At this stage, it is more convenient to write down LLG equation without parameter renormalization,

 (1+11+β2nsμBMs)∂M∂t=−γ0M×Heff +(1+βα011+β2nsμBMs)α0MsM×∂M∂t +μBeMs(js⋅∇)M−βμBeM2sM×(js⋅∇)M. (47)

In fact, the effect of variation is small. Note that . Here, the first factor is of the order of and the second factor is first order in SMF. Then, the effect should be very small compared to ordinary first order effect of SMF. In addition, one shall see in Sec. IV, that symmetry can reduce the effect of in collective coordinate level. In the case, the effect of vanishes through odd function integration.

The next one is effective damping constant. Without applied electric field, the modified LLG equation is obtained by taking Gilbert damping as a damping tensor like Eq. (4). Then, it is interesting to see how the damping tensor is generalized by spin diffusion effect. In the presence of spin diffusion, local damping tensor becomes nonlocal damping tensor . By using Eq. (43), it turns out that the damping tensor in Eq. (4) is modified as

 Dij(x,x′) = αδijδ(x−x′)+(1−P2)ηM4se−|x−x′|/λsf2λsf (48) ×(M×∂xM)i(M′×∂xM′)j,

for 1D and

 Dij(x,x′) = αδijδ(x−x′)+ησM4sSkl(x,x′) (49) ×(M×∂kM)i(M′×∂lM′)j, Sij(x,x′) = σδijδ(x−x′)+P2σ4π∂i∂j1|x−x′| (50) +(1−P2)σ4π∂i∂je−|x−x′|/λsf|x−x′|.

for 3D. Here, and is redefined as inner product with respect to both coordinate basis and spatial basis,

 [D⋅f(x)]i=∑j∫ddx′Dij(x,x′)fj(x′), (51)

for a vector field . As a passing remark, the tensor is indeed a damping tensor in the sense that it decreases total magnetic energy. It can be demonstrated by showing energy dissipation is negative,

 dEdt=−∫(Heff⋅∂M∂t)ddx<0. (52)

The mathematical details related to Eqs. (48)-(52) are in Appendix C.

Iv Example : Domain wall motion

In this section, we apply our theory to 1D DW motion. We find equation of motion of collective coordinates of tail-to-tail transverse DW. Here, is DW position and is tilting angle. Mathematical details of obtaining the collective coordinate equation is described in Appendix D.

Without SMF, DW motion is described by (23); (27); (28); (25); (24); (3); (26)

 −∂ϕ∂t+αλ∂X∂t = −βb0Jλ, (53) 1λ∂X∂t+α∂ϕ∂t = −b0Jλ−γKdMssin2ϕ, (54)

where for applied current , represents dipole field integration, and is DW width. In the presence of SMF, Eqs. (53) and (54) are modified as (29)

 −∂ϕ∂t+αλ∂X∂t = −βb0Jλ−2βη3λ2∂ϕ∂t, (55) 1λ∂X∂t+α∂ϕ∂t = −b0Jλ−2η3λ2∂ϕ∂t−γKdMssin2ϕ. (56)

One can expect that the effect of will be suppressed by spin diffusion, so a renormalized parameter will replace . Thus, the expected equations of motion are

 −∂ϕ∂t+αλ∂X∂t = −βb0Jλ−2β~η3λ2∂ϕ∂t, (57) 1λ∂X∂t+α∂ϕ∂t = −b0Jλ−2~η3λ2∂ϕ∂t−γKdMssin2ϕ. (58)

As described in Appendix D, it turns out that Eqs. (57) and (58) are indeed valid, and the renormalized SMF parameter is given by

 ~η = (1−P2)F(ζ)η, (59) F(ζ) = −32ζ−32ζ2+34ζ3(Γ′(z)Γ(z))∣∣ ∣∣z=ζ2, (60)

where and is the Gamma function.

The renormalization is largely dependent on relative magnitude of DW width and spin diffusion length. The asymptotic behavior of the function is given by

 F(ζ)=⎧⎪⎨⎪⎩32ζ−32ζ2+π2ζ38+O(ζ4)ζ≪1,1−45ζ2+O(ζ−4)ζ≫1. (61)

For , Eqs. (55) and (56) are reproduced except factor which should exist as already discussed. For , the effect is highly suppressed by spin diffusion, so the overall effect of SMF goes as rather than .

V Further generalizations

v.1 Extended electric field - general boundary condition

In the case that the magnetization dynamics is generated by applied electric field, the electric field is no longer localized. Hence, it is necessary to generalize our theory to non-localized electric field ; does not vanish at . In this case, does not give well-defined Fourier transform, but includes delta function parts. Furthermore, in order to obtain Eq. (44), one obtains additional boundary terms when integrating Eq. (42) by parts. Hence, the charge current may not be canceled by the diffusion current even if the electric field is conservative.

The problem can be treated by Green’s function method with given boundary condition, as described in the last part of this section. However, it is hard to catch the physical meaning, so we present more intuitive analysis for this case. It is very convenient to use the linearity of our theory. Suppose can be decomposed into two components . Then, since Eqs. (13) and (17) are linear, the current can also be decomposed into two components , where is the current generated by .

To take advantage of this linearity, we decompose into three components as follows; any vector field can be uniquely decomposed into irrotational part , solenoidal part