Charged lepton correction to tribimaximal lepton mixing and its implications to neutrino phenomenology

# Charged lepton correction to tribimaximal lepton mixing and its implications to neutrino phenomenology

Srinu Gollu, K.N. Deepthi, R. Mohanta School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad - 500 046, India
###### Abstract

The recent results from Daya Bay and RENO reactor neutrino experiments have firmly established that the smallest reactor mixing angle is non-vanishing at the level, with a relatively large value, i.e., . Using the fact that the neutrino mixing matrix can be represented as , where and result from the diagonalization of the charged lepton and neutrino mass matrices and is a diagonal matrix containing the Majorana phases and assuming the tri-bimaximal form for , we investigate the possibility of accounting for the large reactor mixing angle due to the corrections of the charged lepton mixing matrix. The form of is assumed to be that of CKM mixing matrix of the quark sector. We find that with this modification it is possible to accommodate the large observed reactor mixing angle . We also study the implications of such corrections on the other phenomenological observables.

###### pacs:
14.60.Pq, 14.60.Lm

## I Introduction

The results from various neutrino oscillation experiments firmly established the fact that neutrinos have a tiny but finite nonzero mass. Thus, analogous to the mixing in the down-quark sector, the three flavor eigenstates of neutrinos () are related to the corresponding mass eigenstates () by the unitary transformation

 ⎛⎜⎝νeνμντ⎞⎟⎠=⎛⎜⎝Ve1Ve2Ve3Vμ1Vμ2Vμ3Vτ1Vτ2Vτ3⎞⎟⎠⎛⎜⎝ν1ν2ν3⎞⎟⎠, (1)

where is the unitary matrix known as PMNS matrix pmns (), which contains three mixing angles and three CP violating phases (one Dirac type and two Majorana type). In the standard parametrization std (), is expressed in terms of the solar, atmospheric and reactor mixing angles , , and three CP-violating phases as

 VPMNS=⎛⎜⎝c12c13s12c13s13e−iδCP−s12c23−c12s13s23eiδCPc12c23−s12s13s23eiδCPc13s23s12s23−c12s13c23eiδCP−c12s23−s12s13c23eiδCPc13c23⎞⎟⎠Pν≡UPMNSPν, (2)

where , and is a diagonal matrix with CP violating Majorana phases and . The component of the mixing matrix describes the mixing of Dirac type neutrinos analogous to the CKM matrix of the quark sector. The neutrino oscillation data accumulated over many years allow us to determine the solar and atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters with very high precision. Recently, the value of the smallest mixing angle has been measured by the Daya Bay dayabay () and RENO Collaborations reno () with the best fit () result as

 sin22θ13 = 0.089±0.010(stat)±0.005(syst),    Daya Bay sin22θ13 = 0.113±0.013(stat)±0.019(syst).     RENO (3)

which is equivalent to . This is evidence of nonzero value of which confirms the previous measurements of T2K T2K (), MINOS minos () and Double Chooz chooz () experiments. The global analysis of the recent results of various neutrino oscillation experiments has been performed by several groups gfit1 (); gfit2 (); gfit3 (), and the parameters which are used in this analysis are taken from Ref. gfit3 (), are presented in Table-1.

The observation of this not so small reactor mixing angle has ignited a lot of interest to understand the mixing pattern in the lepton sector xing (). It opens promising perspectives for the observation of CP violation in the lepton sector. The precise determination of in addition to providing a complete picture of neutrino mixing pattern, could be a signal of underlying physics responsible for lepton mixing and for the physics beyond standard model. It has been shown that if one includes some perturbative corrections to the leading order neutrino mixing patterns, such as bi-maximal (BM) bm (), tri-bimaximal (TBM) tbm () and democratic (DC) dc (), it is possible to explain the observed neutrino mixing angles rm (). However, it should be noted that among these leading order mixing patterns i.e., BM, TBM and DC, the tri-bimaximal pattern, whose explicit form as given below

 UTBM = (4)

is particularly very interesting. It corresponds to the three mixing angles of the standard parametrization as , and . Clearly, to accommodate the large value of , one has to consider possible perturbations to the TBM mixing matrix. In this paper we would like to study the possible corrections arising from the charged lepton sector. The essential features of our analysis are as follows. We assume the charged lepton mixing matrix to be of the same form as the CKM quark mixing matrix and the neutrino mixing matrix to be of the tri-bimaximal form. Furthermore, we use the Wolfenstein-like parametrization for the charged lepton mixing matrix and study its implications on various phenomenological observables. It should be noted that there have been several attempts made recently to understand the nonzero due to charged lepton correction lepton () and in the past also corrections to the leptonic mixing matrix due to charged leptons were considered in Ref. lepton-1 ().

The paper has been organized as follows. The methodology of our analysis is presented in Section-II and the Results and Conclusion are discussed in Section-III.

## Ii Methodology

It is well known that the leptonic mixing matrix arises from the overlapping of the matrices that diagonalize charged lepton and neutrino mass matrices

 UPMNS=U†lUν. (5)

Here we are focussing only the component of the mixing matrix which describes the mixing of Dirac type neutrinos. For the study of leptonic mixing it is generally assumed that the charged lepton mixing matrix as an identity matrix and the neutrino mixing matrix has a specific form dictated by a symmetry which fixes the values of the three mixing angles in . The small deviations of the mixing angles from those measured in the PMNS matrix, are considered, in general, as perturbative corrections arising from symmetry breaking effects. A variety symmetry forms of have been explored in the literature e.g., BM/TBM/DC and so on. In this work we will consider the situation wherein the neutrino mixing matrix is described by the TBM matrix, i.e.,

 Uν=UTBM, (6)

and that the mixing angles induced by the charged leptons can be considered as corrections. Furthermore, we will neglect possible corrections to from higher dimensional operators and from renormalization group effects. In this approximation we will derive formulae which allow us to include corrections to neutrino mixing angles and to constrain the CP violating phase () conveniently.

In our study, we use a simple ansatz for the charged lepton mixing matrix , i.e., we assume that has the same structure as the CKM matrix connecting the weak eigenstates of the down type quarks to the corresponding mass eigenstates. This approximation is quite reasonable as we know that the CKM matrix is almost diagonal with the off diagonal elements strongly suppressed by the small expansion parameter (, being the Cabibbo angle). Hence, such an assumption can naturally provide the small perturbations to the tri-bimaximal mixing pattern for neutrino mixing matrix. Furthermore, as discussed in Ref. cheng (), this approximation is quite acceptable as the mass spectrum of charged leptons exhibits similar hierarchical structure as the down type quarks, i.e., and . This may imply that the charged lepton mixing matrix has a structure similar to the down type quark mixing and is governed by the CKM matrix.

To illustrate the things more explicitly, let us recall the values of the quark mixing angles in the standard PDG parametrization for the CKM matrix within range as PDG ()

 θq13=0.20∘±0.01∘,    θq23=2.35∘±0.07∘,    θq12≡θC=13.02∘±0.04∘. (7)

However, the leptonic sector is described by two large mixing angles and and the third mixing angle , was expected to be very small. Recently, the third mixing angle has been measured by T2K, Double CHOOZ, Daya Bay and RENO Collaborations yielding the following mixing patterns in the lepton sector:

 θl13=8.8∘±1.0∘,     θl23=40.4∘±1.0∘,    θl12=34.0∘±1.1∘. (8)

The different nature of the quark and lepton mixing angles can be inter-related in terms of the quark lepton complementarity (QLC) relations QLC (), as

 θq12+θl12≃45∘,        θq23+θl23≃45∘. (9)

The QLC relations indicate that it could be possible to have a quark-lepton symmetry based on some flavor symmetry. The experimental result of this not-so-small reactor mixing angle has triggered a lot of interest in the theoretical community. Given the rather precise measurement of , one may wonder whether numerically agrees well with the QLC relation, i.e.,

 θl13=θC√2≈9.2∘. (10)

In particular, it is quite interesting to see whether this specific connection to can be a consequence of some underlying symmetry, which may provide a clue to the nature of quark-lepton physics beyond the standard model.

Starting from the fact that the mixing matrix of the up type quark sector can be almost diagonal and so the CKM matrix is mainly generated from the down type quark mixing matrix, we assume that the mixing matrix of the charged lepton sector is basically of the same form as that of down type quark sector. Consequently the lepton mixing matrix appears as the product of CKM like matrix (induced by charged lepton sector) and the TBM pattern matrix induced from the neutrino sector. As discussed before, in the limit of diagonal charged lepton mass matrix i.e., , and , which gives the mixing angles at the leading order as

 θl012=arctan(1/√2)≃35.3∘,  θl013=0∘,   and     θl023=45∘, (11)

deviate significantly from their measured values as

 |θl12−θl012|≃2∘,   θl13−θl013≈9∘    and    |θl23−θl023|≃5∘. (12)

These deviations are attributed to the corrections arising from the charged lepton sector. We assume the charged lepton mixing matrix to have the form as the CKM matrix in the standard parametrization, i.e.,

 Ul=R23U13R12, (13)

where the matrices , and are defined by

 R12 = ⎛⎜ ⎜⎝cosθl12sinθl120−sinθl12cosθl120001⎞⎟ ⎟⎠,             R23=⎛⎜ ⎜⎝1000cosθl23sinθl230−sinθl23cosθl23⎞⎟ ⎟⎠ U13 = ⎛⎜ ⎜⎝cosθl130sinθl13 e−iδ010−sinθl13 eiδ0cosθl13⎞⎟ ⎟⎠ . (14)

Furthermore, as the mixing angle receives maximum deviation from the TBM pattern, we assume , where, is a small expansion parameter analogous to the expansion parameter of Wolfenstein parametrization of the CKM matrix. The other two angles are assumed to be of the form

 sinθl23=Aλ2,       sinθl12=Aλ3, (15)

where the parameter . With these values, one can obtain the Wolfenstein-like parametrization for (upto order ) as

 Ul = ⎛⎜ ⎜⎝1−λ2/2Aλ3λ e−iδ−Aλ3(1+eiδ)1Aλ2−λeiδ−Aλ21−λ2/2⎞⎟ ⎟⎠ (16)

Thus, with the help of Eqs. (5), (6) and (16), one can schematically obtain the PMNS matrix up to order of as

 UPMNS=UTBM+ΔU, (17)

with

 ΔU=⎛⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎝λe−iδ−λ2+Aλ3(1+e−iδ)√6−λe−iδ+λ2/2+Aλ3(1+e−iδ)√3−λe−iδ−Aλ3(1+e−iδ)√2Aλ2(1+2λ)√6−Aλ2(1−λ)√3−Aλ2√22λeiδ−Aλ2+λ2/2√6λeiδ+Aλ2−λ2/2√3−Aλ2+λ2/2√2⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎠+O(λ4), (18)

which allows one to obtain the elements of the PMNS matrix as

 |Ue1| = √23[1+12λcosδ−18λ2(3+cos2δ)+116λ3(8A(1+cosδ)−cosδsin2δ)], |Ue2| = 1√3[1−λcosδ−12λ2cos2δ−12λ3(2A(1+cosδ)−cosδsin2δ)] , |Ue3| = λ√2[1−Aλ2(1+cosδ)] , Uμ1 = −1√6[1−Aλ2−2Aλ3] , Uμ2 = 1√3[1−Aλ2+Aλ3] , |Uμ3| = 1√2(1+Aλ2) , Uτ1 = −1√6(1−2λeiδ+12λ2(2A−1)) , Uτ2 = 1√3(1+λeiδ+12λ2(2A−1)) , |Uτ3| = 1√2(1−12λ2−Aλ2)) . (19)

From Eq. (2), one can express the neutrino mixing parameters in terms of the PMNS mixing matrix elements as

 sin2θ12 = |Ue2|21−|Ue3|2 ,sin2θ23=|Uμ3|21−|Ue3|2 , sinθ13 = |Ue3| . (20)

Thus, from Eqs. (19) and (20), one can obtain the solar neutrino mixing angle , up to order , as

 sin2θ12≃13(1−2λcosδ+λ22−λ3[2A(1+cosδ)+cos3δ]), (21)

Clearly, when approaches zero we observe a tiny deviation from . Following similar approach, one can obtain the atmospheric neutrino mixing angle as

 sin2θ23≃12(1+λ22(1+4A)) , (22)

which also shows a small deviation from the maximal mixing pattern i.e., . The reactor mixing angle can be obtained as

 sinθ13 = λ√2(1−Aλ2(1+cosδ)) . (23)

Thus, we have a non-vanishing large . This in turn implies that it could be possible to observe CP violation in the lepton sector analogous to the quark sector, which could be detected through long base-line neutrino oscillation experiments. The Jarlskog invariant, which is a measure of CP violation, for the lepton sector has the expression

 JℓCP≡Im[Ue1Uμ2U∗μ1U∗e2]=−λsinδ6(1−λ22−Aλ2))+O(λ4) , (24)

which is sensitive to the Dirac CP violating phase.

The Dirac CP phase can be deduced by using the PMNS matrix elements and the neutrino mixing parameters as cheng ()

 δCP=−arg⎛⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎝U∗e1Ue3Uτ1U∗τ3c12c213c23s13+c12c23s13s12s23⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎠ . (25)

With Eqs. (4), (17) and (18), this yields the correlation between the two CP violating phases (Dirac type CP violating phase and the phase introduced in the charged lepton mixing)

 δCP=−arctan⎡⎢ ⎢⎣−λ(1−(A+12λ2))sinδλ[(A(1−λ2)−52λ2)cosδ−(32λ+Aλ2)]+λ2(1+λcosδ)⎤⎥ ⎥⎦. (26)

Three mass-dependent neutrino observables are probed in different types of experiments. The sum of absolute neutrino masses is probed in cosmology, the kinetic electron neutrino mass in beta decay ( ) is probed in direct search for neutrino masses, and the effective mass ( ) is probed in neutrino-less double beta decay experiments with the decay rate for the process . In terms of the bare physical parameters and , the observables are given by dbd ()

 ∑imi=m1+m2+m3, Mee=∑iU2eimi, Mβ=√∑i|Uei|2m2i. (27)

The absolute values of neutrino masses are currently unknown. Recently the Planck experiment on Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) cmb () has reported an interesting result for the sum of three neutrino masses with an assumption of three species of degenerate neutrinos as

 ∑imi≤0.23 eV.   (Planck+WP+highL+BAO) (28)

The most stringent upper bound on electron-antineutrino mass has been measured in the Troitsk experiment trot () on the high precision measurement of the end-point spectrum of tritium beta decay as

 Mβ<2.05 eV   95% C.L. (29)

In our analysis we ignore the Majorana phases and consider the normal hierarchy scenario for the neutrino mass spectrum in which the neutrino masses and can be expressed in terms of the lightest neutrino mass and the measured solar and atmospheric mass-squared differences and as

 m2=√m21+Δm2sol,      m3=√m21+Δm2sol+Δm2atm. (30)

## Iii Results and Discussion

For numerical estimation we need to know the values of the three unknown parameters , and . In this analysis we assume the small expansion parameter to have the same value as that of the quark sector PDG ():

 λ=0.22535±0.00065. (31)

Now with Eq. (22) and using the experimental value of as input parameter, we obtain the range of as

 A = (−2.4→−1.2)    (1σ) (32) = (−3.4→3.0),    (3σ)

and we treat the CP violating phase as a free parameter, i.e., we allow it to vary in its entire range . Now varying these input parameters in their ranges, and using Eqs. (21) and (23), we present the variation of the solar and reactor mixing angles ( and ) with the CP violating phase in Figure-1. From the figure, it can be seen that in this formalism, it is possible to accommodate simultaneously the observed value of the reactor mixing angle and solar mixing angle . The correlation plots between the solar and atmospheric mixing angles with is shown in Figure-2. In Figure-3, we show the variation of the Jarlskog Invariant with and . From the figure it can be seen that it could be possible to have large CP violation in the lepton sector. The correlation between the Dirac CP violating phase and the CP violating parameter of the charged lepton mixing matrix is shown in Figure-4. The variation of with the lightest neutrino mass (for Normal Hierarchy) and the variation of with (where the parameters are varied in their range) are shown in Figure-5. Thus, for below eV, one can get eV and eV.

To summarize, to accommodate the observed value of relatively large , we consider the corrections due to the charged lepton mixing matrix to the TBM pattern of neutrino mixing matrix. Based on the possible inter-relation between the charged lepton and the quark mixing structures we constructed the lepton mixing matrix to have the form of the CKM-like matrix (induced from the charged lepton sector) times the TBM matrix induced from the neutrino sector. Our result showed that in this formalism, it is possible to accommodate the observed reactor mixing angle along with the other mixing parameters within their experimental range. We have also found that sizable leptonic CP violation characterized by the Jarlskog invariant , i.e., could be possible in this scenario. The observation of CP violation in the upcoming long base-line neutrino experiments would be a smoking gun signal of this formalism. We have also shown that the measured value of along with other mixing parameters can be used for constraining the value of the Dirac CP violating phase . The upper limits on and are found to be , if the mass of the lightest neutrino eV.

Acknowledgments KND would like to thank University Grants Commission for financial support. The work of RM was partly supported by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India through grant No. 03(1190)/11/EMR-II.

## References

• (1) B. Pontecorvo, Sov. Phys. JETP 7, 172 (1958); Z. Maki, M. Nakagawa and S. Sakata, Prog. Theor. Phys. 28, 870 (1962).
• (2) L. L. Chau and W. Y. Keung, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1802 (1984).
• (3) F. P. An et al., Daya Bay Collaboration, Chin. Phys. C 37, 011001, (2013), arXiv:1210.6327 [hep-ex].
• (4) J. K. Ahn et al, RENO Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 191802, (2012), arXiv:1204.0626 [hep-ex].
• (5) K. Abe et al., T2K Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 041801, (2011), arXiv:1106.2822 [hep-ex].
• (6) P. Adamson et al., MINOS Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 181802, (2011), arXiv:1108.0015 [hep-ex].
• (7) Y. Abe et al., Double-Chooz Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 131801, (2012), arXiv:1112.6353 [hep-ex].
• (8) D. V. Forero, M. Tï¿½rtola, J. W. F. Valle, Phys. Rev D 86, 073012 (2012), arXiv:1205.4018 [hep-ph].
• (9) G. L. Fogli, E. Lisi, A. Marrone, D. Montanino, A. Palazzo, A. M. Rotunno, arXiv:1205.5254 [hep-ph].
• (10) M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia, Michele Maltoni, Jordi Salvado, Thomas Schwetz, JHEP 1212, 123, (2012), arXiv:1209.3023 [hep-ph].
• (11) Z. Z. Xing, arXiv:1106.3244 [hep-ph]; X. G. He and A. Zee, Phys. Rev. D 84, 053004 (2011) arXiv:1106.4359 [hep-ph], Y. J. Zheng and B. Q. Ma, Eur. Phys. J. Plus 127, 7, (2012), arXiv:1106.4040 [hep-ph]; E. Ma and D. Wegman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 061803 (2011), arXiv:1106.4269 [hep-ph]; S. Zhou, Phys. Lett. B 704, 291 (2011), arXiv:1106.4808 [hep-ph]; T. Araki, Phys. Rev. D 84, 037301 (2011), arXiv:1106.5211 [hep-ph]; N. Haba, R. Takahashi, Phys. Lett. B 702, 388, (2011) arXiv:1106.5926 [hep-ph]; S. N. Gninenko, Phys. Rev. D 85, 051702(R), (2012), arXiv:1107.0279 [hep-ph]; W. Rodejohann, H. Zhang and S. Zhou, arXiv:1107.3970 [hep-ph]; H. Zhang and S. Zhou, arXiv:1107.1097 [hep-ph]; Shao-Feng Ge, Duane A. Dicus, Wayne W. Repko, Phys. Lett. B 702, 220 (2011), arXiv:1108.0964 [hep-ph]; H. J. He and F. R. Yin, Phys. Rev. D 84, 033009 (2011); S. Kumar, Phys. Rev. D 84, 077301 (2011), arXiv:1108.2137 [hep-ph]; M. -C. Chen, K. T. Mahanthappa, arXiv:1107.3856 [hep-ph]; S. Morisi, K. M. Patel, E. Peinado, Phys. Rev. D 84, 053002 (2011), arXiv:1107.0696 [hep-ph]; T. Schwetz, M. Tortola, J. W. F. Valle, arXiv:1108.1376 [hep-ph]; S. Gupta, A. S. Jashipura, K. M. Patel, Phys. Rev. D 85, 031903(R) (2012); Q. -H. Cao, S. Khalil, E. Ma, H. Okada, arXiv:1108.0570 [hep-ph].
• (12) F. Vissani, hep-ph/9708483; V. D. Barger, S. Pakvasa, T. J. Weiler, and K. Whisnant, Phys. Lett. B437, 107 (1998); A. J. Baltz, A. S. Goldhaber, and M. Goldhaber, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5730 (1998); I. Stancu and D.V. Ahluwalia, Phys. Lett. B460, 431 (1999); H. Georgi and S. L. Glashow, Phys. Rev. D61, 097301 (2000); N. Li and B.-Q. Ma, Phys. Lett. B 600, 248 (2004) [arXiv:hep-ph/0408235].
• (13) P. F. Harrison, D. H. Perkins, and W.G. Scott, Phys. Lett. B458, 79 (1999); Phys. Lett. B530, 167 (2002); Z. Z. Xing, Phys. Lett. B 533, 85 (2002); P. F. Harrison and W. G. Scott, Phys. Lett. B 535, 163 (2002); Phys. Lett. B557, 76 (2003); X.-G. He and A. Zee, Phys. Lett. B560, 87 (2003); See also L. Wolfenstein, Phys. Rev. D18, 958 (1978); Y. Yamanaka, H. Sugawara, and S. Pakvasa, Phys. Rev. D25, 1895 (1982); D29, 2135(E) (1984); N. Li and B.-Q. Ma, Phys. Rev. D 71, 017302 (2005) [arXiv:hep-ph/0412126].
• (14) H. Fritzsch and Z. Z. Xing, Phys. Lett. B 372, 265 (1996); Phys. Lett. B 440, 313 (1998); Phys. Rev. D 61,073016 (2000).
• (15) A. S. Jashipura, K. M. Patel, JHEP 1109, 137 (2011); K. N. Deepthi, Srinu Gollu and R. Mohanta, Euro. Phys. J. C 72, 1888 (2012), arXiv:1111.2781 [hep-ph]; K. N. Deepthi and R. Mohanta, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 27, 250175 (2012),arXiv:1205.4497 [hep-ph]; W. Chao, Y. J. Zheng, JHEP 1302, 044 (2013).
• (16) D. Marzocca, S. T. Petcov, A. Romanino, M. Spinrath, JHEP 11, 9, (2011), arXiv:1108.0614 [hep-ph]; Y. H. Ahn, H. -Y. Cheng, S. Oh, arXiv:1107.4549 [hep-ph]; R. d. A. Toorop, F. Feruglio, C. Hagedorn, Phys. Lett. B 703, 447, (2011), arXiv:1107.3486 [hep-ph]; P. S. Bhupal Dev, R. N. Mohapatra, M. Severson, arXiv:1107.2378 [hep-ph]; S. Dev, S. Gupta, R. R. Gautam, Phys. Lett. B 704, 527, (2011), arXiv:1107.1125 [hep-ph]; D. Meloni, JHEP 1110, 010 (2011), arXiv:1107.0221 [hep-ph]; N. Haba, R. Takahashi, Phys. Lett. B 702, 388, (2011), arXiv:1106.5926 [hep-ph]; S. Zhou, Phys. Lett. B 704, 291, (2011); arXiv:1106.4808 [hep-ph]; H. Ishimori, T. Kobayashi, arXiv:1106.3604 [hep-ph]; M. -C. Chen, K. T. Mahanthappa, A. Meroni, S. T. Petcov, arXiv:1109.0731 [hep-ph]; A. Rashed and A. Datta, Phys. Rev. D 85, 035019, 2012, arXiv:1109.2320 [hep-ph]; D. Marzocca, S. T. Petcov, A. Romanino and M. C. Sevilla, arXiv:1302.0423 [hep-ph]; J. Alberto Acosta, A. Aranda, M. A. Buen-Abad, A. D. Rojas, Phys. Lett. B 718, 1413 (2013).
• (17) P. H. Frampton, S. T. Petcov and W. Rodejohann, Nucl. Phys. B 687, 31 (2004), arXiv:hep-ph/0401206; G. Altarelli, F. Feruglio and I. Masina, Nucl. Phys. B 689, 157 (2004), arXiv:hep-ph/0402155; S. Antusch and S. F. King, Phys. Lett. B 591, 104 (2004), arXiv:hep-ph/0403053; F. Feruglio, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 143, 184 (2005); Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 145, 225 (2005), arXiv:hep-ph/0410131; R. N. Mohapatra and W. Rodejohann, Phys. Rev. D 72, 053001, (2005), arXiv:hep-ph/0507312; S. Antusch and S. F. King, Phys. Lett. B 659, 640 (2008), arXiv:0709.0666 [hep-ph].
• (18) Y. H. Ahn, Hai-Yang Cheng, Sechul Oh, arXiv:1105.4460 [hep-ph]; Phys. Rev. D 83, 076012 (2011), arXiv:1102.0897 [hep-ph].
• (19) J. Beringer et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D86, 010001 (2012).
• (20) M. Raidal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 161801 (2004), [arXiv:hep-ph/0404046]; H. Minakata and A. Y. Smirnov, Phys. Rev. D 70, 073009 (2004) [arXiv:hep-ph/0405088]; K. A. Hochmuth, W. Rodejohann, Phys. Rev. D 75, 073001 (2007), [arXiv:hep-ph/060710]; K. A. Hochmuth, S. T. Petcov, W. Rodejohann, Phys. Lett. B 654, 177 (2007), arXiv:0706.2975 [hep-ph]; R. d. A. Toorop, F. Bazzocchi, L. Merlo, JHEP 1008, 001 (2010), arXiv:1003.4502 [hep-ph]; J. Barranco, F. Gonzalez Canales, A. Mondragon, Phys. Rev. D 82, 073010 (2010), arXiv:1004.3781 [hep-ph]; Y. Shimizu, R. Takahashi, arXiv:1009.5504 [hep-ph].
• (21) J. Barry and W. Rodejohann, Nucl. Phys. B 842, 33 (2011) [arXiv:1007.5217 [hep-ph]].
• (22) P. A. R. Ade et al, Planck Collaboration, arXiv:1303.5076 [astro-ph].
• (23) V. N. Aseev et al., Phys. Rev. D 84, 112003 (2011).
You are adding the first comment!
How to quickly get a good reply:
• Give credit where it’s due by listing out the positive aspects of a paper before getting into which changes should be made.
• Be specific in your critique, and provide supporting evidence with appropriate references to substantiate general statements.
• Your comment should inspire ideas to flow and help the author improves the paper.

The better we are at sharing our knowledge with each other, the faster we move forward.
The feedback must be of minimum 40 characters and the title a minimum of 5 characters